Microbiological characteristics of powdered infant and follow-on formulae and safety concerns: A review

The present review examines the microbiological aspects of powdered formulae, emphasizing the vulnerability of newborns and infants to foodborne infections. Aim of this review was to recognize and communicate potential risks associated with various bacterial contaminants, contributing to improve the objective of ensuring the health and safety of infants. Prevalence and levels of bacterial contamination in powdered formulae were explored: data concerning total viable count, spoilage microorganisms such as Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Escherichia coli, clostridial spores, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, mould, and yeast, as well as pathogens including Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, were collected. The review includes a detailed compilation of outbreaks, predominantly caused by C. sakazakii and Salmonella spp., and notably, a singular case of infant botulism. These pathogens were identified in powdered or prepared formula, utensils, or production facilities, and even when the pathogen itself was not detected a connection with the product was established. Finally, the review contains notifications from Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed concerning microbiological hazards of powdered formulae.