Fusarium musae Infection in Animal and Plant Hosts Confirms Its Cross-Kingdom Pathogenicity

Fusarium musae is a pathogen belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, isolated from both banana fruits and immunocompromised patients, therefore hypothesized to be a cross-kingdom pathogen. We aimed to characterize F. musae infection in plant and animal hosts to prove its cross-kingdom pathogenicity. Therefore, we developed two infection models, one in banana and one in Galleria mellonella larvae, as a human proxy for the investigation of cross-kingdom pathogenicity of F. musae, along with accurate disease indexes effective to differentiate infection degrees in animal and plant hosts. We tested a worldwide collection of F. musae strains isolated both from banana fruits and human patients, and we provided the first experimental proof of the ability of all strains of F. musae to cause significant disease in banana fruits, as well as in G. mellonella. Thereby, we confirmed that F. musae can be considered a cross-kingdom pathogen. We, thus, provide a solid basis and toolbox for the investigation of the host-pathogen interactions of F. musae with its hosts.