Research on equids demonstrated how routine on-farm procedures, resources availability, facilities design, sport and work activities, and transport present several risk factors potentially hampering horses and donkeys welfare. To guarantee horses and donkeys welfare, the first step is to evaluate it in a reliable way, using scientifically sound indicators and assessment protocols to be applied on-farm and during transport. To sustain an effective change towards more welfare friendly practices, it is necessary to propose modifications which are both scientifically proved to be effective and acceptable by the stakeholders. This thesis aimed to experiment solutions to enhance equids welfare both on farm and during transport. Guidelines to improve dairy donkey management and welfare have been developed, taking into consideration the existing scientific literature and stakeholders involvement. The guidelines, translated in different languages and freely available online, have been officially presented at the European Parliament, and represent the first step for a targeted dissemination of information about appropriate management procedures for dairy donkeys, to assist donkey farmers in preventing welfare problems. Then the focus has been posed on effective training of new welfare assessors. The HGS (a tool for pain assessment in horses) has been chosen as a pilot indicator to evaluate the efficacy of the training method, since on-farm pain assessment represents a continuous challenge for owners and veterinarians. Then, an infrequent horse management system, on pasture group housing, has been evaluated from an animal welfare point of view, since this management system is anecdotally considered better than single-box housing for horse welfare. Finally, the research work focussed on transport procedures, investigating the effects of training in reducing transport-related stress in horses and donkeys kept for meat production, using behavioural and physiological indicators. As for horses, a positive reinforcement-based training has been applied to teach foals to self-load and its efficacy has been evaluated. Such a training can be effective in reducing stress related behaviours during loading, but may not alleviate the overall impact of preslaughter transportation. As for donkeys, the impact of habituation to transport procedures in reducing transport-related stress has been analysed, revealing that habituation could mitigate stress during loading, but may be not effective in reducing stress related to travel and unloading. Moreover, a new physiological indicator of stress (Chromogranin A) was used for the first time to evaluate transport-related stress in donkeys. In conclusion, the thread of this thesis is the performance of evidence based research to be directly applied to the development of possible solutions to improve equids welfare on farm and during transport. As such, it tackles the design of animal management guidelines, the development of effective welfare assessment training programs, the evaluation of the impact of specific management systems and the development of training strategies to limit transport stress.
La ricerca sugli equidi ha dimostrato come le procedure aziendali di routine, la disponibilità di risorse, la progettazione delle strutture, le attività sportive e lavorative, e il trasporto presentino diversi fattori di rischio per il benessere di cavalli e asini. Per garantire il loro benessere, il primo passo è una valutazione affidabile, utilizzando indicatori e protocolli scientificamente validi da applicare in azienda e durante il trasporto. Per sostenere il cambiamento verso pratiche più rispettose del benessere animale, è necessario proporre modifiche che siano sia efficaci, come dimostrato scientificamente, sia accettabili per gli stakeholders. Questa tesi ha lo scopo di valutare soluzioni per migliorare il benessere degli equidi sia in allevamento che durante il trasporto. Sono state sviluppate delle linee guida per migliorare la gestione e il benessere degli asini da latte, prendendo in considerazione la letteratura scientifica esistente e il coinvolgendo gli stakeholders. Le linee guida, tradotte in diverse lingue e liberamente consultabili online, sono state ufficialmente presentate al Parlamento Europeo, e rappresentano il primo passo per una diffusione mirata di informazioni in merito alle procedure gestionali più appropriate per gli asini da latte, con lo scopo di aiutare gli allevatori nella prevenzione dei problemi di benessere. Quindi l'attenzione è stata posta sulla formazione di nuovi valutatori. L'HGS (uno strumento per la valutazione del dolore nei cavalli) è stato scelto come indicatore pilota per valutare l'efficacia del metodo di formazione, poiché la valutazione del dolore in azienda rappresenta una sfida continua per proprietari e veterinari. In seguito, è stato valutato da un punto di vista di benessere animale un sistema di gestione del cavallo poco diffuso, la stabulazione in gruppo al pascolo, poiché questo sistema è considerato aneddoticamente migliore per il benessere del cavallo rispetto alla stabulazione in box singoli. Infine, il lavoro di ricerca si è concentrato sulle procedure di trasporto, indagando gli effetti dell'addestramento nella riduzione dello stress correlato al trasporto nei cavalli e negli asini allevati per la produzione di carne, utilizzando indicatori comportamentali e fisiologici. Per quanto riguarda i cavalli, è stata valutata l’efficacia di un addestramento basato sul rinforzo positivo per insegnare ai puledri a salire autonomamente sul trailer. Tale addestramento può essere efficace nel ridurre i comportamenti legati allo stress durante il carico, ma potrebbe non alleviare l'impatto complessivo del trasporto pre-macellazione. Per quanto riguarda gli asini, è stato analizzato l'impatto dell’abituazione alle procedure di trasporto nel ridurre lo stress, rivelando che l'abituazione potrebbe mitigare lo stress durante il carico, ma potrebbe non essere efficace nel ridurre lo stress legato al viaggio e allo scarico. Inoltre, per la prima volta è stato utilizzato un nuovo indicatore fisiologico (Cromogranina A) per valutare lo stress correlato al trasporto negli asini. In conclusione, il filo conduttore di questa tesi è lo svolgimento di ricerche basate sulle evidenze per sviluppare possibili soluzioni per migliorare il benessere degli equidi in allevamento e durante il trasporto. In quanto tale, affronta la progettazione di linee guida per la gestione degli animali, lo sviluppo di efficaci programmi di formazione sullA valutazione del benessere, la valutazione dell'impatto di specifici sistemi di gestione e lo sviluppo di strategie di addestramento per limitare lo stress da trasporto.
INDICATORS TO ASSESS EQUIDS WELFARE ON FARM AND DURING TRANSPORT / F. Dai ; TUTOR: M. MINERO, B.PADALINO ; PHD COORDINATOR: V. GRIECO. Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, 2021 Jan 28. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020.
INDICATORS TO ASSESS EQUIDS WELFARE ON FARM AND DURING TRANSPORT
F. Dai
2021
Abstract
Research on equids demonstrated how routine on-farm procedures, resources availability, facilities design, sport and work activities, and transport present several risk factors potentially hampering horses and donkeys welfare. To guarantee horses and donkeys welfare, the first step is to evaluate it in a reliable way, using scientifically sound indicators and assessment protocols to be applied on-farm and during transport. To sustain an effective change towards more welfare friendly practices, it is necessary to propose modifications which are both scientifically proved to be effective and acceptable by the stakeholders. This thesis aimed to experiment solutions to enhance equids welfare both on farm and during transport. Guidelines to improve dairy donkey management and welfare have been developed, taking into consideration the existing scientific literature and stakeholders involvement. The guidelines, translated in different languages and freely available online, have been officially presented at the European Parliament, and represent the first step for a targeted dissemination of information about appropriate management procedures for dairy donkeys, to assist donkey farmers in preventing welfare problems. Then the focus has been posed on effective training of new welfare assessors. The HGS (a tool for pain assessment in horses) has been chosen as a pilot indicator to evaluate the efficacy of the training method, since on-farm pain assessment represents a continuous challenge for owners and veterinarians. Then, an infrequent horse management system, on pasture group housing, has been evaluated from an animal welfare point of view, since this management system is anecdotally considered better than single-box housing for horse welfare. Finally, the research work focussed on transport procedures, investigating the effects of training in reducing transport-related stress in horses and donkeys kept for meat production, using behavioural and physiological indicators. As for horses, a positive reinforcement-based training has been applied to teach foals to self-load and its efficacy has been evaluated. Such a training can be effective in reducing stress related behaviours during loading, but may not alleviate the overall impact of preslaughter transportation. As for donkeys, the impact of habituation to transport procedures in reducing transport-related stress has been analysed, revealing that habituation could mitigate stress during loading, but may be not effective in reducing stress related to travel and unloading. Moreover, a new physiological indicator of stress (Chromogranin A) was used for the first time to evaluate transport-related stress in donkeys. In conclusion, the thread of this thesis is the performance of evidence based research to be directly applied to the development of possible solutions to improve equids welfare on farm and during transport. As such, it tackles the design of animal management guidelines, the development of effective welfare assessment training programs, the evaluation of the impact of specific management systems and the development of training strategies to limit transport stress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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