Filologia mapy : Badanie dawnej kartografii metodą krytyki tekstu na przykładzie toponimii mapy Księstwa Połockiego S. Pachołowieckiego z 1580 roku

The Philology of a Map. Studying Old Cartography Using the Method of Textual Criticism: the Case of Toponymy of the Map of the Principality of Polotsk by S. Pachołowiecki from 1580 The aim of this paper is to make an experimental application of textual criticism (the stemma method or Lachmann’s method) in the analyses of early-modern maps. It is supposed to verify whether, and to what extent, the means developed by philologists to establish how texts were transmitted in medieval codices, can be applied to study the transmission of geographic knowledge on early-modern maps. The author postulates that well-tried procedures should be used in studies of textual parts of old maps. They allow the formulation of filiation hypotheses. These procedures consist of collating extant texts and detecting mistakes that indicate, connect or divide individual branches of tradition. The subject analysed is the toponymy appearing on the map Decriptio Ducatus Polocensis (The Description of the Principality of Polotsk) by Stanisław Pachołowiecki, engraved in Rome by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri in 1580 and on maps stemming from the same archetype. The author compiles a complete index of toponyms and hydronyms in transliteration and transcription, identifies them and provides the names in Belarussian, Russian and Polish. He also annotates each of them with a short topographicohistorical description. Taking into consideration the state of the art regarding mutual relations between cartographic works drawing on Pachołowiecki’s map of the Principality of Polotsk, he proposes a hypothetic stemma depicting the genealogy of the toponymic image of the Principality of Polotsk on 16th and 17th century maps. The analysis also includes four other relics: a manuscript map of Stanisław Sulimowski from 1580, a printed map Magni Ducatus Lithuanie, Livoniae et Moscoviae decriptio (A Description of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Livonia and Muscovy) by Maciej Strubicz from 1589; Lithuania by Gerard Mercator from 1595; and the so-called Radziwiłł’s Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1613. Based on the analysis of the toponymic corpus of all these maps, Franczak proves that Pachołowiecki’s printed map from 1580 did not have a direct effect on the later cartographic works. Such an influence was, however, exerted by its manuscript original, which shaped the image of the Lithuanian-Muscovite borderland in European cartography of the 17th and 18th centuries through the maps of Sulimowski and Strubicz.