Tools for the rational design of bivalent microtubule-targeting drugs

Microtubule (MT) dynamic behaviour is an attractive drug target for chemotherapy, whose inhibition by MT-stabilizing and destabilizing agents has been fruitfully applied in treating several types of cancers. MT-stabilizing agents are also emerging as potential remedies for neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, although single-target drugs are not expected to fully cure these complex pathologies. Drug combination often displays enhanced efficacy with respect to mono-therapies. In particular, MT-targeting bivalent compounds (MTBCs) represent an promising class of molecules; however, surprisingly, the majority of MTBCs reported so far exhibit equal if not less efficacy than their building monomers. In order to shed light on MTBCs poor performance, we characterise through a set of complementary approaches thiocolchine (TH) and two bivalent TH-homodimers as prototype molecules. First, the binding affinities of these three molecules were assessed, then we obtained the crystallographic structure of a tubulin-TH complex. The binding affinities were interpreted in light of structural data and of molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, their effects on MT cytoskeleton and cell survival were validated on HeLa cells. The ensemble of these data provides chemical and structural considerations on how a successful rational design of MTBCs should be conceived.