Rhizobacterial communities associated with spontaneous plant species in long-term arsenic contaminated soils

The microbial community composition in three soil fractions (bulk soil, rhizosphere and rhizoplane) of the root-soil system of a thistle, Cirsium arvense, and of a tufted hair grass, Deschampsia caespitosa, was investigated. The two spontaneous wild plant species were predominant in two Italian lands contaminated since centuries by arsenic and at present show high levels of arsenic (from 215 to 12.500 mg kg−1). In order to better understand how the rhizobacterial ecosystem responds to a long-term arsenic contamination in term of composition and functioning, culture-independent techniques (DAPI counts, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis) along with cultivation-based methods were applied. Microbial community structure was qualitatively similar in the two root-soil systems, but some quantitative differences were observed. Bacteria of the α-, β-, and γ-subclasses of the Proteobacteria were dominant in all fractions, while the subdominant groups (Cytophagaceae, gram-positive spore-forming, and filamentous bacteria) were significantly more abundant in the root-soil system of D. caespitosa. As regards to arsenic resistant strains, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Enterobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria were isolated from soil system of both plants. Our results suggest that the response to a high level of arsenic contamination governed the rhizosphere microbial community structure together with the soil structure and the plant host type effects. Data from this study can provide better understanding of complex bacterial communities in metal-polluted soils, as well as useful information of indigenous bacterial strains with potential application to soil remediation.