Forensic anthropology and odontology in the 21st century: a perspective on advances and unmet needs

Forensic anthropology has undergone significant transformation in the 21st century, evolving from a primarily osteometric discipline into a multidisciplinary forensic science integrating advanced imaging, forensic genomics, stable isotope analysis, and artificial intelligence and catering not only for the dead but also for the living. These advances have enhanced the ability of forensic anthropologists to identify unknown individuals, reconstruct biological profiles, interpret trauma, and support humanitarian investigations. Stable isotope analysis now provides critical information regarding geographic origin, migration history, and environmental exposure. Advances in forensic genomics, including next-generation sequencing and DNA phenotyping, enhance identification practices. Virtual anthropology, including computed tomography as well as AI, has augmented methods of skeletal analysis. The aim of this update in forensic anthropology and odontology is, however, not only to produce a review of what is new and of what is being adopted from other sciences, but also to critically present what the current problems are and to help focus on which trends in research and proactiveness need to be implemented. For example, ethical considerations have become central to forensic anthropology practice, emphasising respect for human remains, cultural sensitivity, and responsible use of genetic and isotopic data. Issues such as aging trauma and personal identification need more attention, as do harmonisation procedures. All this is necessary in order to transform forensic anthropology into a fully-fledged and essential component of forensic science, human rights investigations, and disaster victim identification.