Background: Plant-based analogues represent a promising sustainable alternative food to traditional animal-based products. Interest in these products has grown significantly in recent years, as consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impact of food choices and, more broadly, are paying greater attention to personal health, animal welfare, and related ethical aspects. Despite this rising attention, the overall acceptability of plant-based analogues remains relatively low, largely due to challenges in achieving desirable sensory qualities. These products often fail to meet consumer expectations in terms of appearance, odour, taste, and texture. Additionally, these products are often perceived as highly processed, and, consequently, as less natural and less healthy. Understanding consumer attitudes and perceptions across different populations, including adults and children, can help optimise these products and foster the transition to more sustainable diets. Aim: The general aim of this thesis is to investigate sensory quality and factors influencing the acceptability of new plant-based analogues. Specifically, the activities were devoted to i) conduct a comprehensive and systematic analysis of sensory and perceptual factors influencing consumer acceptability of plant-based analogues, to identify gaps in the literature; ii) assess the sensory properties, consumer acceptance and emotional responses associated with plant-based fish analogues consumption (canned tuna and breaded fish analogues); iii) examine age-related differences in consumer perception and acceptance between adults and children (breaded fish analogues); and iv) investigate how food essentialism, a recently emerging consumer belief, influences plant-based analogues perception. Results: An initial systematic literature review highlighted that developing plant-based alternatives to meat, dairy, eggs, and fish using plant-derived proteins poses considerable sensory challenges. Among these categories, fish analogues remain particularly underexplored, with limited data available on their sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. An inventory of fish analogues currently available on the Italian market led to the identification of 50 products, most of which showed a notably unstable market presence, often limited to only a few months before disappearing from retail shelves. Canned tuna and breaded fish were the most represented plant-based alternative categories. Results from consumer testing showed that canned tuna analogues were generally disliked, being characterised by unpleasant appearance, legume or vegetable-like odour, off-flavours, bitter taste, and a gummy texture. However, cluster analysis showed that 27% of consumers, familiar with these products, showed significantly higher liking scores. Plant-based breaded fish samples were better accepted, although perceived as sensorially distinct from animal-based counterparts. Differences were found between adults and children related to emotional responses: specifically, surprise and curiosity drove adult liking, while familiarity and sensory similarity to traditional products were the keys for children. Finally, this thesis demonstrated that the effect of Food Essentialism (i.e., the belief that foods possess immutable and unchangeable essences defining their characteristics) is product-dependent. Individuals with higher essentialism scores perceived tasted plant-based fish alternatives as less processed, more natural, healthier, sensorially closer to their animal counterparts, and reported greater willingness to purchase them. These findings suggest food essentialism is a cognitive factor influencing perception and potential consumption of plant-based analogues. Conclusions: This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the perceptual, behavioural and cognitive factors that influence plant-based analogues’ consumer preferences. Furthermore, these findings may provide a starting point for: i) supporting food companies in optimising existing analogues on the market, which often go out of production within a short time frame due to limited market success, and ii) addressing the needs of different consumer segments. Finally, the data highlight the importance of adopting a multidimensional approach to understanding the acceptability of plant-based analogues.
Introduzione: Gli analoghi vegetali rappresentano un’alternativa alimentare sostenibile e promettente ai prodotti tradizionali di origine animale. Negli ultimi anni l’interesse verso questi prodotti è cresciuto in modo significativo, poiché i consumatori sono sempre più consapevoli dell’impatto ambientale delle scelte alimentari e, più in generale, prestano maggiore attenzione alla salute personale, al benessere animale e agli aspetti etici correlati. Nonostante questo crescente interesse, il gradimento complessivo dei prodotti analoghi rimane generalmente basso, principalmente a causa delle difficoltà nel raggiungere una qualità sensoriale soddisfacente. Questi prodotti spesso non rispondono alle aspettative dei consumatori in termini di aspetto, odore, gusto e consistenza. Inoltre, sono spesso percepiti come altamente processati, meno naturali e salutari. In questo contesto, comprendere gli atteggiamenti e le percezioni dei consumatori in diverse fasce di popolazione, inclusi adulti e bambini, può contribuire ad ottimizzare questi prodotti e favorire la transizione verso diete più sostenibili. Scopo: L’obiettivo generale di questa tesi è indagare la qualità sensoriale e i fattori che influenzano l’accettabilità dei nuovi analoghi a base vegetali. In particolare, le attività sono state dedicate a: i) condurre un’analisi estesa e sistematica dei fattori sensoriali e percettivi che influenzano l’accettabilità degli analoghi vegetale da parte dei consumatori, al fine di identificare eventuali lacune in letteratura; ii) valutare le proprietà sensoriali, l'accettazione da parte dei consumatori e le risposte emotive associate al consumo di analoghi vegetali del pesce (tonno in scatola e analoghi del pesce panato); iii) esaminare le differenze legate all'età nella percezione e nell'accettazione dei consumatori tra adulti e bambini (analoghi del pesce panato); e iv) indagare come l'essenzialismo alimentare, una convinzione dei consumatori emersa di recente, influenzi la percezione degli analoghi vegetali. Risultati: Una prima revisione sistematica della letteratura ha evidenziato che lo sviluppo di alternative vegetali alla carne, ai prodotti lattiero-caseari, alle uova e al pesce impiegando proteine di origine vegetale pone diverse sfide a livello sensoriale. Tra queste categorie, gli analoghi del pesce rimangono particolarmente inesplorati, con dati limitati disponibili sulle loro caratteristiche sensoriali e sul gradimento da parte dei consumatori. Un inventario dei prodotti analoghi del pesce attualmente disponibili sul mercato italiano ha portato all’identificazione di 50 prodotti, la maggior parte dei quali ha mostrato una presenza sul mercato notevolmente instabile, spesso limitata a pochi mesi prima della scomparsa dagli scaffali dei supermercati. Tra queste, il tonno in scatola e il pesce panato sono risultate le categorie più rappresentate tra le alternative vegetali al pesce. I risultati dei test sui consumatori hanno mostrato che gli analoghi del tonno in scatola risultano generalmente poco graditi, essendo caratterizzati da un aspetto sgradevole, un odore associato al legume/vegetale, un gusto amaro e una consistenza gommosa. Tuttavia, l’analisi dei cluster ha mostrato che il 27% dei consumatori, più familiari con questi prodotti, ha espresso punteggi di gradimento significativamente più elevati. I campioni di pesce panato a base vegetale sono stati maggiormente graditi, sebbene percepiti come sensorialmente distinti rispetto alle controparti di origine animale. Sono emerse inoltre differenze tra bambini e adulti nelle risposte emotive: in particolare, sorpresa e curiosità hanno guidato il gradimento degli adulti, mentre per i bambini i fattori chiavi sono risultati la familiarità e la somiglianza sensoriale con i prodotti tradizionali. Infine, questa tesi ha dimostrato che l’effetto dell’essenzialismo alimentare (ovvero, la credenza che gli alimenti possiedano essenze immutabili che ne definiscono le caratteristiche) è prodotto-dipendente. Gli individui con punteggi di essenzialismo più elevati hanno percepito le alternative a base vegetali del pesce come meno processate, più naturali, salutari e sensorialmente più simili alle loro controparti animali dichiarando al contempo una maggiore propensione all'acquisto. Questi risultati suggeriscono che l'essenzialismo alimentare costituisce un fattore cognitivo in grado di influenzare la percezione e il potenziale consumo dei prodotti analoghi a base vegetale. Conclusioni: Questa tesi contribuisce a una maggiore comprensione dei fattori percettivi, comportamentali e cognitivi che influenzano le preferenze dei consumatori nei confronti dei prodotti analoghi a base vegetale. Inoltre, i risultati ottenuti possono rappresentare un punto di partenza per: i) supportare le aziende alimentari nell’ottimizzazione dei prodotti analoghi presenti sul mercato, che spesso vengono ritirati in tempi brevi a causa del limitato successo commerciale; e ii) rispondere alle esigenze di diversi segmenti di consumatori. Infine, le evidenze raccolte sottolineano l’importanza di adottare un approccio multidimensionale per comprendere l’accettabilità dei prodotti analoghi a base vegetale.
PLANT-BASED ANALOGUES: A SENSORY-BASED AND CONSUMER-LED APPROACH TO ENHANCE PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE AND INNOVATION / M. Appiani ; tutor: M. Laureati ; co-tutor: A. Marti ; PhD Dean: D. Mora. Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, 2026 May 05. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
PLANT-BASED ANALOGUES: A SENSORY-BASED AND CONSUMER-LED APPROACH TO ENHANCE PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE AND INNOVATION
M. Appiani
2026
Abstract
Background: Plant-based analogues represent a promising sustainable alternative food to traditional animal-based products. Interest in these products has grown significantly in recent years, as consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impact of food choices and, more broadly, are paying greater attention to personal health, animal welfare, and related ethical aspects. Despite this rising attention, the overall acceptability of plant-based analogues remains relatively low, largely due to challenges in achieving desirable sensory qualities. These products often fail to meet consumer expectations in terms of appearance, odour, taste, and texture. Additionally, these products are often perceived as highly processed, and, consequently, as less natural and less healthy. Understanding consumer attitudes and perceptions across different populations, including adults and children, can help optimise these products and foster the transition to more sustainable diets. Aim: The general aim of this thesis is to investigate sensory quality and factors influencing the acceptability of new plant-based analogues. Specifically, the activities were devoted to i) conduct a comprehensive and systematic analysis of sensory and perceptual factors influencing consumer acceptability of plant-based analogues, to identify gaps in the literature; ii) assess the sensory properties, consumer acceptance and emotional responses associated with plant-based fish analogues consumption (canned tuna and breaded fish analogues); iii) examine age-related differences in consumer perception and acceptance between adults and children (breaded fish analogues); and iv) investigate how food essentialism, a recently emerging consumer belief, influences plant-based analogues perception. Results: An initial systematic literature review highlighted that developing plant-based alternatives to meat, dairy, eggs, and fish using plant-derived proteins poses considerable sensory challenges. Among these categories, fish analogues remain particularly underexplored, with limited data available on their sensory characteristics and consumer acceptance. An inventory of fish analogues currently available on the Italian market led to the identification of 50 products, most of which showed a notably unstable market presence, often limited to only a few months before disappearing from retail shelves. Canned tuna and breaded fish were the most represented plant-based alternative categories. Results from consumer testing showed that canned tuna analogues were generally disliked, being characterised by unpleasant appearance, legume or vegetable-like odour, off-flavours, bitter taste, and a gummy texture. However, cluster analysis showed that 27% of consumers, familiar with these products, showed significantly higher liking scores. Plant-based breaded fish samples were better accepted, although perceived as sensorially distinct from animal-based counterparts. Differences were found between adults and children related to emotional responses: specifically, surprise and curiosity drove adult liking, while familiarity and sensory similarity to traditional products were the keys for children. Finally, this thesis demonstrated that the effect of Food Essentialism (i.e., the belief that foods possess immutable and unchangeable essences defining their characteristics) is product-dependent. Individuals with higher essentialism scores perceived tasted plant-based fish alternatives as less processed, more natural, healthier, sensorially closer to their animal counterparts, and reported greater willingness to purchase them. These findings suggest food essentialism is a cognitive factor influencing perception and potential consumption of plant-based analogues. Conclusions: This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the perceptual, behavioural and cognitive factors that influence plant-based analogues’ consumer preferences. Furthermore, these findings may provide a starting point for: i) supporting food companies in optimising existing analogues on the market, which often go out of production within a short time frame due to limited market success, and ii) addressing the needs of different consumer segments. Finally, the data highlight the importance of adopting a multidimensional approach to understanding the acceptability of plant-based analogues.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimi_R13786.pdf
embargo fino al 16/10/2027
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