The Court of Cassation has recently ruled, in the context of precautionary proceedings, on the terrorist purpose of violent acts committed by Palestinian armed groups in the illegally occupied territories. The decision forms part of the established jurisprudence on the application of international terrorism offences in war contexts and intersects with particularly topical questions at an international level. The Court confirmed that there is no presumption of terrorist character merely because a group is included in the EU’s terrorist listing; such inclusion is insufficient, on its own, to qualify conduct as terrorist, and must be complemented by a concrete analysis of the acts committed and the objectives pursued. At the core of the issue was the nature of the acts carried out against a foreign State that is unlawfully occupying a territory under international law, and their legal qualification pursuant to norms of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The well-known difficulties in applying terrorism offences ‒ with regard to precision and specificity of the legal norms ‒ lead the jurisprudence to extend reference categories to highly heterogeneous phenomena, such as religious‑fundamentalist terrorism, on the one hand, and national liberation movements, on the other. In the present case, the Court found the Tulkarem Brigade and its conduct to be of a terrorist nature. In particular, the judges held that the organization’s actions were not aimed solely at pursuing a military strategy, but were intended to intimidate the civilian population, and thus qualify as terrorist. Moreover, the Court determined that such conduct was directed against a foreign State, even if carried out outside the internationally recognized Israeli territory. The ruling raises questions concerning the demarcation line between legitimate armed resistance aimed at self‑determination and terrorist conduct, under both domestic and international criminal law categories.
La Corte di Cassazione si e recentemente pronunciata, seppure in relazione a un procedimento cautelare, sulla finalita terroristica delle condotte violente commesse da gruppi armati palestinesi nei territori illegalmente occupati. La decisione si inserisce nel consolidato filone giurisprudenziale relativo all’applicazione delle fattispecie di terrorismo internazionale nei contesti bellici, e interseca questioni di particolare interesse e attualita, anche sul piano internazionale. La Corte ha confermato l’assenza di una presunzione della natura terroristica del gruppo derivante dal suo inserimento nel sistema di listing dell’Unione Europea, sottolineando che tale elemento non e sufficiente di per se a qualificare le condotte come terroristiche, ma deve essere integrato da un’analisi concreta degli atti commessi e delle finalita perseguite. Il cuore della questione atteneva, invero, alla natura degli atti commessi nei confronti di uno Stato estero che attui un’occupazione illegittima in base al diritto internazionale e alla loro qualificazione giuridica alla luce delle norme di diritto internazionale umanitario e di diritto penale internazionale. Le note difficolta nell’applicazione delle fattispecie di terrorismo, quanto a precisione e determinatezza delle norme, conducono, infatti, la giurisprudenza all’estensione delle categorie di riferimento a fenomeni tra loro assai eterogenei, quali il terrorismo di matrice religioso-fondamentalista, da un lato, e i movimenti di liberazione nazionale, dall’altro lato. Nel caso di specie la Corte ha ritenuto sussistente la natura terroristica della Brigata Tulkarem e delle condotte da questa attuate. In particolare, secondo i giudici, le azioni dell’organizzazione non erano dirette a perseguire univocamente una strategia militare, ma risultavano finalizzate a intimidire la popolazione civile e, come tali, dovevano qualificarsi come terroristiche. La Corte ha, inoltre, stabilito che tali condotte erano da considerarsi dirette nei confronti di uno Stato estero, anche se realizzate al di fuori del territorio generalmente riconosciuto a Israele sul piano internazionale. La pronuncia solleva dubbi circa la linea di demarcazione tra atti di legittima resistenza armata ai fini dell’autodeterminazione e condotte terroristiche, alla luce delle categorie del diritto penale interno e internazionale.
Resistenza armata o terrorismo internazionale? = ¿Resistencia armada o terrorismo internacional? = Armed Resistance or International Terrorism? / M. Crippa, L. Parsi. - In: DIRITTO PENALE CONTEMPORANEO. - ISSN 2240-7618. - 2025:2(2025 Aug 01), pp. 108-128.
Resistenza armata o terrorismo internazionale? = ¿Resistencia armada o terrorismo internacional? = Armed Resistance or International Terrorism?
M. Crippa
Co-primo
;L. Parsi
Co-primo
2025
Abstract
The Court of Cassation has recently ruled, in the context of precautionary proceedings, on the terrorist purpose of violent acts committed by Palestinian armed groups in the illegally occupied territories. The decision forms part of the established jurisprudence on the application of international terrorism offences in war contexts and intersects with particularly topical questions at an international level. The Court confirmed that there is no presumption of terrorist character merely because a group is included in the EU’s terrorist listing; such inclusion is insufficient, on its own, to qualify conduct as terrorist, and must be complemented by a concrete analysis of the acts committed and the objectives pursued. At the core of the issue was the nature of the acts carried out against a foreign State that is unlawfully occupying a territory under international law, and their legal qualification pursuant to norms of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The well-known difficulties in applying terrorism offences ‒ with regard to precision and specificity of the legal norms ‒ lead the jurisprudence to extend reference categories to highly heterogeneous phenomena, such as religious‑fundamentalist terrorism, on the one hand, and national liberation movements, on the other. In the present case, the Court found the Tulkarem Brigade and its conduct to be of a terrorist nature. In particular, the judges held that the organization’s actions were not aimed solely at pursuing a military strategy, but were intended to intimidate the civilian population, and thus qualify as terrorist. Moreover, the Court determined that such conduct was directed against a foreign State, even if carried out outside the internationally recognized Israeli territory. The ruling raises questions concerning the demarcation line between legitimate armed resistance aimed at self‑determination and terrorist conduct, under both domestic and international criminal law categories.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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