Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare life-long threatening genetic disorder with an incidence of 1/148’000 to 1/200’000 live births. It is characterized by autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunctions, most importantly a deficient control of autonomic ventilation that leads to hypoventilation during sleep. Since no pharmacological treatment has been identified, CCHS patients rely on mechanical ventilation for life support. 95% of CCHS cases are due to heterozygous polyalanine expansion mutations in PHOX2B, a master transcription factor of the ANS. Recent bioinformatic analyses revealed the presence of a natural antisense lncRNA (PHOX2B-AS1), transcribed in the opposite direction and partially complementary to the PHOX2B gene transcript. Interestingly, our preliminary data suggest that it acts at favoring PHOX2B translation, thus a modulation of its expression could be used as a new therapeutic strategy aimed at reducing the expression of mutant PHOX2B proteins. To overcome the unavailability of suitable models, we have generated autonomic sympathetic neurons using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from different CCHS patients, of which two carrying the same genotype (20/25 Ala), but presenting different onset of the disease (late-onset and early-onset). By single cell RNA seq analysis, we proved that the early-onset CCHS line (but not the late onset) has an ectopic expression of PHOX2B and PHOX2B-AS1 already at the undifferentiated level, suggesting that dysregulation at earlier developmental stages may be involved in CCHS pathogenesis. This ectopic expression may represent a key difference between LO-CHS and CCHS. Moreover, the differentiation process revealed a delayed expression of PHOX2B-AS1 and neuronal maturation defects, resembling the expression profile of undifferentiated neuroblastomas, rather than mature neurons. Overall our data show both early and late differentiation defects in CCHS-derived neurons.
La Sindrome da Ipoventilazione Centrale Congenita (CCHS) è una malattia neurologica neonatale rara e devastante, caratterizzata da un difetto del controllo della respirazione da parte del Sistema Nervoso Autonomo, essenziale durante il sonno, in associazione a sintomi di una più generalizzata disfunzione autonomica. Generalmente, i bambini affetti dalla malattia hanno una respirazione pressoché normale quando svegli, mentre ipoventilano durante il sonno. Poiché nessun trattamento farmacologico è risultato efficace, i supporti per la ventilazione meccanica risultano essere le uniche opzioni disponibili per i bambini affetti da questa patologia. Nei pazienti sono state identificate mutazioni in eterozigosi nel gene PHOX2B, che codifica per un fattore di trascrizione essenziale per lo sviluppo del Sistema Nervoso Autonomo, che provocano l’espressione di proteine mutate con attività tossica. Analisi bioinformatiche e dati preliminari ci hanno permesso di identificare un RNA lungo non codificante (PHOX2B-AS1), trascritto in direzione opposta e parzialmente complementare al trascritto del gene PHOX2B. Poiché esso è in grado di promuovere la produzione della proteina PHOX2B, modularne l’espressione potrebbe rappresentare una nuova strategia terapeutica per diminuire i livelli della proteina mutata. Come modello sperimentale abbiamo generato neuroni simpatici autonomici partendo da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSC) derivate da due pazienti CCHS con la medesima mutazione, ma diverso esordio della patologia (precoce vs tardivo). Rispetto al controllo, questi neuroni hanno mostrato difetti nell’espressione di PHOX2B-AS1 e di maturazione. Inoltre, con analisi dell’RNA a singola cellula, abbiamo osservato che solo le iPSC derivate dal paziente con esordio precoce esprimono PHOX2B. Ciò suggerisce la presenza di difetti già nei primi stadi dello sviluppo oltre a quelli che abbiamo riscontrato durante il differenziamento neuronale.
The natural antisense lncRNA PHOX2B-AS1 in the pathogenesis and as potential drug target in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) / R. Benfante, A.L. Cuadros Gamboa, M. Bertocchi, F. Chiesa, S. Di Lascio, D. Fornasari. ((Intervento presentato al 22. convegno Scientific Convention Telethon : 17-19 march tenutosi a Rimini nel 2025.
The natural antisense lncRNA PHOX2B-AS1 in the pathogenesis and as potential drug target in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)
M. Bertocchi;F. Chiesa;S. Di Lascio;D. Fornasari
2025
Abstract
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a rare life-long threatening genetic disorder with an incidence of 1/148’000 to 1/200’000 live births. It is characterized by autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunctions, most importantly a deficient control of autonomic ventilation that leads to hypoventilation during sleep. Since no pharmacological treatment has been identified, CCHS patients rely on mechanical ventilation for life support. 95% of CCHS cases are due to heterozygous polyalanine expansion mutations in PHOX2B, a master transcription factor of the ANS. Recent bioinformatic analyses revealed the presence of a natural antisense lncRNA (PHOX2B-AS1), transcribed in the opposite direction and partially complementary to the PHOX2B gene transcript. Interestingly, our preliminary data suggest that it acts at favoring PHOX2B translation, thus a modulation of its expression could be used as a new therapeutic strategy aimed at reducing the expression of mutant PHOX2B proteins. To overcome the unavailability of suitable models, we have generated autonomic sympathetic neurons using induced pluripotent stem cells derived from different CCHS patients, of which two carrying the same genotype (20/25 Ala), but presenting different onset of the disease (late-onset and early-onset). By single cell RNA seq analysis, we proved that the early-onset CCHS line (but not the late onset) has an ectopic expression of PHOX2B and PHOX2B-AS1 already at the undifferentiated level, suggesting that dysregulation at earlier developmental stages may be involved in CCHS pathogenesis. This ectopic expression may represent a key difference between LO-CHS and CCHS. Moreover, the differentiation process revealed a delayed expression of PHOX2B-AS1 and neuronal maturation defects, resembling the expression profile of undifferentiated neuroblastomas, rather than mature neurons. Overall our data show both early and late differentiation defects in CCHS-derived neurons.Pubblicazioni consigliate
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