Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, Growth Hormone, and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Receptors Are Differentially Expressed during GnRH Neuron Development

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are key neuroendocrine cells in the brain as they control reproduction by regulating hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function. In this context, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were shown to improve GnRH neuron migration and function in vitro. Whether AMH, GH, and IGF1 signaling pathways participate in the development and function of GnRH neurons in vivo is, however, currently still unknown. To assess the role of AMH, GH, and IGF1 systems in the development of GnRH neuron, we evaluated the expression of AMH receptors (AMHR2), GH (GHR), and IGF1 (IGF1R) on sections of ex vivo mice at different development stages. The expression of AMHR2, GHR, and IGF1R was assessed by immunofluorescence using established protocols and commercial antibodies. The head sections of mice were analyzed at E12.5, E14.5, and E18.5. In particular, at E12.5, we focused on the neurogenic epithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), where GnRH neurons, migratory mass cells, and the pioneering vomeronasal axon give rise. At E14.5, we focused on the VNO and nasal forebrain junction (NFJ), the two regions where GnRH neurons originate and migrate to the hypothalamus, respectively. At E18.5, the median eminence, which is the hypothalamic area where GnRH is released, was analyzed. At E12.5, double staining for the neuronal marker ß-tubulin III and AMHR2, GHR, or IGF1R revealed a signal in the neurogenic niches of the olfactory and VNO during early embryo development. Furthermore, IGF1R and GHR were expressed by VNO-emerging GnRH neurons. At E14.5, a similar expression pattern was found for the neuronal marker ß-tubulin III, while the expression of IGF1R and GHR began to decline, as also observed at E18.5. Of note, hypothalamic GnRH neurons labeled for PLXND1 tested positive for AMHR2 expression. Ex vivo experiments on mouse sections revealed differential protein expression patterns for AMHR2, GHR, and IGF1R at any time point in development between neurogenic areas and hypothalamic compartments. These findings suggest a differential functional role of related systems in the development of GnRH neurons.