Assessment of behavioural effects of three water-soluble polymers in zebrafish embryos

The water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are widely used in many industrial applications and are present in several com- monly used products due to their physical-chemical characteristics: as their name indicates, despite being synthetic polymers, they are able to solubilize in water. Because of this peculiar property, both the qualitative-quantitative eval- uation in aquatic ecosystems and their potential (eco)toxicological effects have been neglected until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of three of the most widely used WSPs as polyacrylic acid (PAA), poly- ethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on the swimming behaviour of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos after the exposure to different concentrations (0.001, 0.5, 1 mg/L). The exposure lasted from the eggs' collection up to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) also using three different light intensity (300 lx, 2200 lx, 4400 lx) to better evaluate any effects related to different gradients of light/dark transitions. In order to analyze individual behavioural changes in em- bryos, their swimming movements were tracked and a number of parameters for locomotion and directionality were quantified. The main results showed that all three WSPs resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) variations in different move- ment parameters, suggesting a possible toxicity scale: PVP > PEG ≫ PAA.