Environmental Control of Rice Flowering Time

Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival, as well as for timing developmental transitions, including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Important parameters affecting flowering time include day length (photoperiod) and temperature. Their response pathways have been best described in Arabidopsis, that currently offers a detailed conceptual framework and serves as term of comparison also for other species. Rice, the focus of this review, also possesses a photoperiodic flowering pathway, but 150M years of divergent evolution in very different environments have diversified its molecular architecture. The ambient temperature perception pathway is strongly intertwined with the photoperiod pathway and essentially converges on the same genes to modify flowering time. When observing network topologies it is evident that the rice flowering network is centered on EARLY HEADING DATE 1, a rice-specific transcriptional regulator. Here, we summarize the most important features of the rice photoperiodic flowering network, with an emphasis on its uniqueness, and discuss its connections with hormonal, temperature perception and stress pathways.