Ambiguity in the Item Wording, Ambiguity in the Respondents’ Comprehension? An Experiment on the ‘Immigrants/Foreign Workers’ Social Distance Item in Values Surveys

Since there has been a considerable increase in studies on attitudes toward immigrants in re- cent years, particular attention must be devoted to the survey instruments used to measure them. Since they first appeared, both the European Values Study and the World Values Study have included a battery of questions to measure social distance, asking which social groups respondents would not be willing to have as neighbors. One of these social groups is “im- migrants/foreign workers.” The wording of this item contains a certain degree of ambiguity, as the terms “immigrants” and “foreign workers” refer to two different social groups. For- eign workers are in fact a subcategory of immigrants. Our contribution sets out to assess the working of the item, using a survey experiment randomly assigning respondents three differ- ent formulations (“immigrants/foreign workers”, “immigrants”, and “foreign workers”). The data come from the Italian joint edition of the European Values Study-World Values Survey 2017. The results show that Italians perceive a much larger distance toward immigrants than toward foreign workers, which is nevertheless similar to the distance perceived toward “immi- grants/foreign workers.” Overall, the empirical evidence suggests the semantic prevalence of the item “immigrants” over “foreign workers” in respondents’ answers. In light of the results, we will discuss their implications for both data users and future values surveys.