Lysosome dysfunction is recognized as a critical factor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has a kinase-dependent role in autophagy and lysosomal function, and its pharmacological inhibition is protective against neurodegeneration and α-synuclein (αSyn) pathology. However, the precise signaling pathways involving LRRK2 and how alterations lead to pathology have not been clarified yet. In this work, we unravel a novel functional interaction between LRRK2 and the small GTPase Rit2, previously reported to participate in MAPK-signaling, neurite outgrowth and dopamine transporter trafficking. Polymorphisms in the RIT2 locus are associated to increased risk of PD and are predicted to alter gene expression. We found that RIT2 mRNA levels are reduced in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic neurons of idiopathic PD patients and in different in vitro and in vivo PD models. Rit2 overexpression in G2019S-LRRK2 neuroblastoma cells restores lysosomal defects and diminishes αSyn accumulation, phenocopying pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. Moreover, Rit2 selective overexpression in SNpc dopaminergic neurons in A53T-αSyn virally injected mice reduces neurodegeneration and αSyn pathology. Notably, we uncovered that Rit2 interacts with LRRK2, and its overexpression inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Rit2 is required for lysosomal function, since its gene silencing in cell lines and DA neurons leads to lysosomal defects. We showed promising preliminary data indicating that the mechanism of Rit2 action in autophagy might involve lysosomal calcium release, that represents a convergent point in LRRK2-mediated regulation of autophagy. We propose Rit2 and its interplay with LRRK2 as novel targets for future, disease-modifying therapeutic approaches in PD.
La disfunzione lisosomiale è un fattore determinante nella patogenesi della malattia di Parkinson (PD). L’attività chinasica di Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) modula autofagia e funzionalità lisosomiale, e la sua inibizione farmacologica è protettiva per neurodegenerazione e patologia di α-sinucleina (αSyn). Tuttavia, rimane da chiarire la via di segnalazione che coinvolge LRRK2, ed il ruolo patogenico delle relative alterazioni. In questo lavoro, abbiamo rivelato una nuova interazione funzionale tra LRRK2 e la piccola GTPasi Rit2. Quest’ultima è coinvolta nella via di segnalazione regolata da MAPK, nell’accrescimento dei neuriti e nel traffico del trasportatore della dopamina. Polimorfismi nel locus genico contenente RIT2 sono stati associati ad un incrementato rischio di sviluppare PD, che si presuppone collegato ad alterata espressione genica di RIT2. Abbiamo osservato che i livelli di mRNA di RIT2 sono ridotti nei neuroni dopaminergici della substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) e in modelli in vitro che in vivo di PD. L’overespressione di Rit2 in cellule di neuroblastoma esprimenti G2019S LRRK2 ha revertito difetti lisosomiali e diminuito l’accumulo di αSyn, mostrando un effetto simile a quello dell’inibizione chinasica di LRRK2. Inoltre, l’overespressione selettiva di Rit2 selettivamente nei neuroni dopaminergici della SNpc in topi iniettati con virus contenente A53T αSyn ha mostrato effetti neuroprotettivi. A livello molecolare, abbiamo identificato un’interazione tra Rit2 e LRRK2, e un’inibizione dell’attività chinasica di LRRK2 da parte di Rit2. Per di più, abbiamo osservato che l’ablazione dell’espressione di Rit2 comporta difetti lisosomiali sia in cellule che in neuroni dopaminergici, indicando che Rit2 è indispensabile per una corretta funzione lisosomiale. Abbiamo inoltre mostrato il coinvolgimento di Rit2 nel rilascio di calcio dai lisosomi, che rappresenta un punto di convergenza nella modulazione dell’autofagia dipendente da LRRK2. Concludendo, proponiamo Rit2 e la sua interazione con LRRK2 come possibili nuovi target per lo sviluppo di approcci terapeutici per PD.
A NOVEL RIT2-LRRK2 AXIS MODULATES LYSOSOME FUNCTION: INSIGHT FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY / S. Pizzi ; co-tutor: M. Volta ; scientific supervisor: G. Cappelletti. Dipartimento di Bioscienze, 2023 Mar 30. 35. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2022.
A NOVEL RIT2-LRRK2 AXIS MODULATES LYSOSOME FUNCTION: INSIGHT FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
S. Pizzi
2023
Abstract
Lysosome dysfunction is recognized as a critical factor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has a kinase-dependent role in autophagy and lysosomal function, and its pharmacological inhibition is protective against neurodegeneration and α-synuclein (αSyn) pathology. However, the precise signaling pathways involving LRRK2 and how alterations lead to pathology have not been clarified yet. In this work, we unravel a novel functional interaction between LRRK2 and the small GTPase Rit2, previously reported to participate in MAPK-signaling, neurite outgrowth and dopamine transporter trafficking. Polymorphisms in the RIT2 locus are associated to increased risk of PD and are predicted to alter gene expression. We found that RIT2 mRNA levels are reduced in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic neurons of idiopathic PD patients and in different in vitro and in vivo PD models. Rit2 overexpression in G2019S-LRRK2 neuroblastoma cells restores lysosomal defects and diminishes αSyn accumulation, phenocopying pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. Moreover, Rit2 selective overexpression in SNpc dopaminergic neurons in A53T-αSyn virally injected mice reduces neurodegeneration and αSyn pathology. Notably, we uncovered that Rit2 interacts with LRRK2, and its overexpression inhibits LRRK2 kinase activity both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Rit2 is required for lysosomal function, since its gene silencing in cell lines and DA neurons leads to lysosomal defects. We showed promising preliminary data indicating that the mechanism of Rit2 action in autophagy might involve lysosomal calcium release, that represents a convergent point in LRRK2-mediated regulation of autophagy. We propose Rit2 and its interplay with LRRK2 as novel targets for future, disease-modifying therapeutic approaches in PD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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