The Misérègne slag deposit (Valle d'Aosta, Western Alps, Italy): Insights into (pre-)Roman copper metallurgy

The Miseregne hamlet (Fenis village, Valle d'Aosta region, Italy) rises on a huge metallurgical slag deposit, whose origin has so far been unknown. Here we provide the first detailed textural, mineralogical and chemical characterization of the slags and the results of radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments contained therein. Three types of slags are found, i.e., coarse, massive and flat, which are composed of olivine, spinel and pyroxene crystals in a glassy matrix rich in anorthite +/- magnetite/ulvospinel crystallites. All the slags contain matte droplets, which show a Cu-enrichment from the coarse and the massive slags (intermediate solid solution, similar to CuFeS2, or bornite solid solution, similar to Cu5FeS4 + abundant pyrrhotite solid solution, similar to Fe1-xS) to the flat slags (bornite only). Olivine morphology indicates slow cooling for the massive slags (mostly euhedral crystals), rapid cooling for the coarse slags (dendritic crystals) and slow cooling followed by quenching, consistent with tapping, for the flat slags (euhedral-dendritic transitional crystals). Bulk slag compositions and olivine-spinel geothermometry suggest that the coarse and massive slags are genetically related (T = 880-1090 degrees C and T = 860-1140 degrees C for coarse and massive slags, respectively), while the flat slags are distinct higher-temperature melts (T = 1020-1415 degrees C). The data suggest a multiple-step smelting process, by which an impure chalcopyrite ore, was first smelted to produce relatively Cu-poor matte and coarse and massive slags; the matte was then reprocessed at higher temperature to produce more copper metal and flat slags. Based on radiocarbon dating, the Miseregne slags date back to the II-I century BCE and thus constitute the earliest known record of metallurgical activity in the north-western Italian Alps.