Online malware scanners are one of the best weapons in the arsenal of cybersecurity companies and researchers. A fundamental part of such systems is the sandbox that provides an instrumented and isolated environment (virtualized or emulated) for any user to upload and run unknown artifacts and identify potentially malicious behaviors. The provided API and the wealth of information in the reports produced by these services have also helped attackers test the efficacy of numerous techniques to make malware hard to detect.The most common technique used by malware for evading the analysis system is to monitor the execution environment, detect the presence of any debugging artifacts, and hide its malicious behavior if needed. This is usually achieved by looking for signals suggesting that the execution environment is not belong to a the native machine, such as specific memory patterns or behavioral traits of certain CPU instructions.In this paper, we show how an attacker can evade detection on such online services by incorporating a Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm into a malware sample. Specifically, we leverage the asymptotic behavior of the computational cost of PoW algorithms when they run on some classes of hardware platforms to effectively detect a non bare-metal environment of the malware sandbox analyzer. To prove the validity of this intuition, we design and implement the PoW-How framework, a tool to automatically implement sandbox detection strategies and embed a test evasion program into an arbitrary malware sample. Our empirical evaluation shows that the proposed evasion technique is durable, hard to fingerprint, and reduces existing malware detection rate by a factor of 10. Moreover, we show how bare-metal environments cannot scale with actual malware submissions rates for consumer services.

POW-HOW: An Enduring Timing Side-Channel to Evade Online Malware Sandboxes / A. Nappa, P. Papadopoulos, M. Varvello, D. Gomez, J. Tapiador, A. Lanzi (LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE). - In: Computer Security – ESORICS 2021 / [a cura di] E. Bertino, H. Shulman, M. Waidner. - [s.l] : Sringer, 2021. - ISBN 978-3-030-88417-8. - pp. 86-109 (( Intervento presentato al 26. convegno European Symposium on Research in Computer Security tenutosi a Darmstadt nel 2021 [10.1007/978-3-030-88418-5_5].

POW-HOW: An Enduring Timing Side-Channel to Evade Online Malware Sandboxes

A. Lanzi
Ultimo
2021

Abstract

Online malware scanners are one of the best weapons in the arsenal of cybersecurity companies and researchers. A fundamental part of such systems is the sandbox that provides an instrumented and isolated environment (virtualized or emulated) for any user to upload and run unknown artifacts and identify potentially malicious behaviors. The provided API and the wealth of information in the reports produced by these services have also helped attackers test the efficacy of numerous techniques to make malware hard to detect.The most common technique used by malware for evading the analysis system is to monitor the execution environment, detect the presence of any debugging artifacts, and hide its malicious behavior if needed. This is usually achieved by looking for signals suggesting that the execution environment is not belong to a the native machine, such as specific memory patterns or behavioral traits of certain CPU instructions.In this paper, we show how an attacker can evade detection on such online services by incorporating a Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm into a malware sample. Specifically, we leverage the asymptotic behavior of the computational cost of PoW algorithms when they run on some classes of hardware platforms to effectively detect a non bare-metal environment of the malware sandbox analyzer. To prove the validity of this intuition, we design and implement the PoW-How framework, a tool to automatically implement sandbox detection strategies and embed a test evasion program into an arbitrary malware sample. Our empirical evaluation shows that the proposed evasion technique is durable, hard to fingerprint, and reduces existing malware detection rate by a factor of 10. Moreover, we show how bare-metal environments cannot scale with actual malware submissions rates for consumer services.
Settore INF/01 - Informatica
2021
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/938986
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