The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Tran, K.B.; Lang, J.J.; Compton, K.; Rixing, X.; Acheson, A.R.; Henrikson, H.J.; Kocarnik, J.M.; Penberthy, L.; Aali, A.; Abbas, Q.; Abbasi, B.; Abbasi-Kangevari, M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, Z.; Abbastabar, H.; Abdelmasseh, M.; Abd-Elsalam, S.; Abdelwahab, A.A.; Abdoli, G.; Abdulkadir, H.A.; Abedi, A.; Abegaz, K.H.; Abidi, H.; Aboagye, R.G.; Abolhassani, H.; Absalan, A.; Abtew, Y.D.; Abubaker Ali, H.; Abu-Gharbieh, E.; Achappa, B.; Acuna, J.M.; Addison, D.; Addo, I.Y.; Adegboye, O.A.; Adesina, M.A.; Adnan, M.; Adnani, Q.E.S.; Advani, S.M.; Afrin, S.; Afzal, M.S.; Aggarwal, M.; Ahinkorah, B.O.; Ahmad, A.R.; Ahmad, R.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmadi, S.; Ahmed, H.; Ahmed, L.A.; Ahmed, M.B.; Ahmed Rashid, T.; Aiman, W.; Ajami, M.; Akalu, G.T.; Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M.; Aklilu, A.; Akonde, M.; Akunna, C.J.; Al Hamad, H.; Alahdab, F.; Alanezi, F.M.; Alanzi, T.M.; Alessy, S.A.; Algammal, A.M.; Al-Hanawi, M.K.; Alhassan, R.K.; Ali, B.A.; Ali, L.; Ali, S.S.; Alimohamadi, Y.; Alipour, V.; Aljunid, S.M.; Alkhayyat, M.; Al-Maweri, S.A.A.; Almustanyir, S.; Alonso, N.; Alqalyoobi, S.; Al-Raddadi, R.M.; Al-Rifai, R.H.H.; Al-Sabah, S.K.; Al-Tammemi, A.B.; Altawalah, H.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Amare, F.; Ameyaw, E.K.; Aminian Dehkordi, J.J.; Amirzade-Iranaq, M.H.; Amu, H.; Amusa, G.A.; Ancuceanu, R.; Anderson, J.A.; Animut, Y.A.; Anoushiravani, A.; Anoushirvani, A.A.; Ansari-Moghaddam, A.; Ansha, M.G.; Antony, B.; Antwi, M.H.; Anwar, S.L.; Anwer, R.; Anyasodor, A.E.; Arabloo, J.; Arab-Zozani, M.; Aremu, O.; Argaw, A.M.; Ariffin, H.; Aripov, T.; Muhammad, H.A.; Artaman, A.; Arulappan, J.; Aruleba, R.T.; Aryannejad, A.; Asaad, M.; Asemahagn, M.A.; Asemi, Z.; Asghari-Jafarabadi, M.; Ashraf, T.; Assadi, R.; Athar, M.; Athari, S.S.; Atout, M.M.W.; Attia, S.; Aujayeb, A.; Ausloos, M.; Avila-Burgos, L.; Awedew, A.F.; Awoke, M.A.; Awoke, T.; Ayala Quintanilla, B.P.; Ayana, T.M.; Ayen, S.S.; Azadi, D.; Azadnajafabad, S.; Azami-Aghdash, S.; Azanaw, M.M.; Azangou-Khyavy, M.; Azari Jafari, A.; Azizi, H.; Azzam, A.Y.Y.; Babajani, A.; Badar, M.; Badiye, A.D.; Baghcheghi, N.; Bagheri, N.; Bagherieh, S.; Bahadory, S.; Baig, A.A.; Baker, J.L.; Bakhtiari, A.; Bakshi, R.K.; Banach, M.; Banerjee, I.; Bardhan, M.; Barone-Adesi, F.; Barra, F.; Barrow, A.; Bashir, N.Z.; Bashiri, A.; Basu, S.; Batiha, A.M.; Begum, A.; Bekele, A.B.; Belay, A.S.; Belete, M.A.; Belgaumi, U.I.; Bell, A.W.; Belo, L.; Benzian, H.; Berhie, A.Y.; Bermudez, A.N.C.; Bernabe, E.; Bhagavathula, A.S.; Bhala, N.; Bhandari, B.B.; Bhardwaj, N.; Bhardwaj, P.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bhojaraja, V.S.; Bhuyan, S.S.; Bibi, S.; Bilchut, A.H.; Bintoro, B.S.; Biondi, A.; Birega, M.G.B.; Birhan, H.E.; Bjørge, T.; Blyuss, O.; Bodicha, B.B.A.; Bolla, S.R.; Boloor, A.; Bosetti, C.; Braithwaite, D.; Brauer, M.; Brenner, H.; Briko, A.N.; Briko, N.I.; Buchanan, C.M.; Bulamu, N.B.; Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T.; Butt, M.H.; Butt, N.S.; Butt, Z.A.; Caetano dos Santos, F.L.; Cámera, L.A.; Cao, C.; Cao, Y.; Carreras, G.; Carvalho, M.; Cembranel, F.; Cerin, E.; Chakraborty, P.A.; Charalampous, P.; Chattu, V.K.; Chimed-Ochir, O.; Chirinos-Caceres, J.L.; Cho, D.Y.; Cho, W.C.S.; Christopher, D.J.; Chu, D.; Chukwu, I.S.; Cohen, A.J.; Conde, J.; Cortés, S.; Costa, V.M.; Cruz-Martins, N.; Culbreth, G.T.; Dadras, O.; Dagnaw, F.T.; Dahlawi, S.M.A.; Dai, X.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Daneshpajouhnejad, P.; Danielewicz, A.; Dao, A.T.M.; Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, R.; Darwesh, A.M.; Das, S.; Davitoiu, D.V.; Davtalab Esmaeili, E.; De la Hoz, F.P.; Debela, S.A.; Dehghan, A.; Demisse, B.; Demisse, F.W.; Denova-Gutiérrez, E.; Derakhshani, A.; Derbew Molla, M.; Dereje, D.; Deribe, K.S.; Desai, R.; Desalegn, M.D.; Dessalegn, F.N.; Dessalegni, S.A.A.; Dessie, G.; Desta, A.A.; Dewan, S.M.R.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Dhimal, M.; Dianatinasab, M.; Diao, N.; Diaz, D.; Digesa, L.E.; Dixit, S.G.; Doaei, S.; Doan, L.P.; Doku, P.N.; Dongarwar, D.; dos Santos, W.M.; Driscoll, T.R.; Dsouza, H.L.; Durojaiye, O.C.; Edalati, S.; Eghbalian, F.; Ehsani-Chimeh, E.; Eini, E.; Ekholuenetale, M.; Ekundayo, T.C.; Ekwueme, D.U.; El Tantawi, M.; Elbahnasawy, M.A.; Elbarazi, I.; Elghazaly, H.; Elhadi, M.; El-Huneidi, W.; Emamian, M.H.; Engelbert Bain, L.; Enyew, D.B.; Erkhembayar, R.; Eshetu, T.; Eshrati, B.; Eskandarieh, S.; Espinosa-Montero, J.; Etaee, F.; Etemadimanesh, A.; Eyayu, T.; Ezeonwumelu, I.J.; Ezzikouri, S.; Fagbamigbe, A.F.; Fahimi, S.; Fakhradiyev, I.R.; Faraon, E.J.A.; Fares, J.; Farmany, A.; Farooque, U.; Farrokhpour, H.; Fasanmi, A.O.; Fatehizadeh, A.; Fatima, W.; Fattahi, H.; Fekadu, G.; Feleke, B.E.; Ferrari, A.A.; Ferrero, S.; Ferro Desideri, L.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Foroumadi, R.; Foroutan, M.; Fukumoto, T.; Gaal, P.A.; Gad, M.M.; Gadanya, M.A.; Gaipov, A.; Galehdar, N.; Gallus, S.; Garg, T.; Gaspar Fonseca, M.; Gebremariam, Y.H.; Gebremeskel, T.G.; Gebremichael, M.A.; Geda, Y.F.; Gela, Y.Y.; Gemeda, B.N.B.; Getachew, M.; Getachew, M.E.; Ghaffari, K.; Ghafourifard, M.; Ghamari, S.; Ghasemi Nour, M.; Ghassemi, F.; Ghimire, A.; Ghith, N.; Gholamalizadeh, M.; Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J.; Ghozy, S.; 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doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6

Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden.

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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Tran, Khanh Bao;Lang, Justin J;Compton, Kelly;Xu, Rixing;Acheson, Alistair R;Henrikson, Hannah Jacqueline;Kocarnik, Jonathan M;Penberthy, Louise;Aali, Amirali;Abbas, Qamar;Abbasi, Behzad;Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen;Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab;Abbastabar, Hedayat;Abdelmasseh, Michael;Abd-Elsalam, Sherief;Abdelwahab, Ahmed Abdelwahab;Abdoli, Gholamreza;Abdulkadir, Hanan Abdulkadir;Abedi, Aidin;Abegaz, Kedir Hussein;Abidi, Hassan;Aboagye, Richard Gyan;Abolhassani, Hassan;Absalan, Abdorrahim;Abtew, Yonas Derso;Abubaker Ali, Hiwa;Abu-Gharbieh, Eman;Achappa, Basavaprabhu;Acuna, Juan Manuel;Addison, Daniel;Addo, Isaac Yeboah;Adegboye, Oyelola A;Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun;Adnan, Mohammad;Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah;Advani, Shailesh M;Afrin, Sumia;Afzal, Muhammad Sohail;Aggarwal, Manik;Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku;Ahmad, Araz Ramazan;Ahmad, Rizwan;Ahmad, Sajjad;Ahmad, Sohail;Ahmadi, Sepideh;Ahmed, Haroon;Ahmed, Luai A;Ahmed, Muktar Beshir;Ahmed Rashid, Tarik;Aiman, Wajeeha;Ajami, Marjan;Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse;Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa;Aklilu, Addis;Akonde, Maxwell;Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet;Al Hamad, Hanadi;Alahdab, Fares;Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour;Alanzi, Turki M;Alessy, Saleh Ali;Algammal, Abdelazeem M;Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled;Alhassan, Robert Kaba;Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir;Ali, Liaqat;Ali, Syed Shujait;Alimohamadi, Yousef;Alipour, Vahid;Aljunid, Syed Mohamed;Alkhayyat, Motasem;Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali;Almustanyir, Sami;Alonso, Nivaldo;Alqalyoobi, Shehabaldin;Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M;Al-Rifai, Rami H Hani;Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah;Al-Tammemi, Ala'a B;Altawalah, Haya;Alvis-Guzman, Nelson;Amare, Firehiwot;Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena;Aminian Dehkordi, Javad Javad;Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein;Amu, Hubert;Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi;Ancuceanu, Robert;Anderson, Jason A;Animut, Yaregal Animut;Anoushiravani, Amir;Anoushirvani, Ali Arash;Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza;Ansha, Mustafa Geleto;Antony, Benny;Antwi, Maxwell Hubert;Anwar, Sumadi Lukman;Anwer, Razique;Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward;Arabloo, Jalal;Arab-Zozani, Morteza;Aremu, Olatunde;Argaw, Ayele Mamo;Ariffin, Hany;Aripov, Timur;H.A. Muhammad;Artaman, Al;Arulappan, Judie;Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo;Aryannejad, Armin;Asaad, Malke;Asemahagn, Mulusew A;Asemi, Zatollah;Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad;Ashraf, Tahira;Assadi, Reza;Athar, Mohammad;Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin;Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi;Attia, Sameh;Aujayeb, Avinash;Ausloos, Marcel;Avila-Burgos, Leticia;Awedew, Atalel Fentahun;Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew;Awoke, Tewachew;Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina;Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu;Ayen, Solomon Shitu;Azadi, Davood;Azadnajafabad, Sina;Azami-Aghdash, Saber;Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye;Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza;Azari Jafari, Amirhossein;Azizi, Hosein;Azzam, Ahmed Y Y;Babajani, Amirhesam;Badar, Muhammad;Badiye, Ashish D;Baghcheghi, Nayereh;Bagheri, Nader;Bagherieh, Sara;Bahadory, Saeed;Baig, Atif Amin;Baker, Jennifer L;Bakhtiari, Ahad;Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur;Banach, Maciej;Banerjee, Indrajit;Bardhan, Mainak;Barone-Adesi, Francesco;Barra, Fabio;Barrow, Amadou;Bashir, Nasir Z;Bashiri, Azadeh;Basu, Saurav;Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad;Begum, Aeysha;Bekele, Alehegn Bekele;Belay, Alemayehu Sayih;Belete, Melaku Ashagrie;Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal;Bell, Arielle Wilder;Belo, Luis;Benzian, Habib;Berhie, Alemshet Yirga;Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C;Bernabe, Eduardo;Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth;Bhala, Neeraj;Bhandari, Bharti Bhandari;Bhardwaj, Nikha;Bhardwaj, Pankaj;Bhattacharyya, Krittika;Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S;Bhuyan, Soumitra S;Bibi, Sadia;Bilchut, Awraris Hailu;Bintoro, Bagas Suryo;Biondi, Antonio;Birega, Mesfin Geremaw Birega;Birhan, Habitu Eshetu;Bjørge, Tone;Blyuss, Oleg;Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule;Bolla, Srinivasa Rao;Boloor, Archith;Bosetti, Cristina;Braithwaite, Dejana;Brauer, Michael;Brenner, Hermann;Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich;Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich;Buchanan, Christina Maree;Bulamu, Norma B;Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria Teresa;Butt, Muhammad Hammad;Butt, Nadeem Shafique;Butt, Zahid A;Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano;Cámera, Luis Alberto;Cao, Chao;Cao, Yin;Carreras, Giulia;Carvalho, Márcia;Cembranel, Francieli;Cerin, 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Ali;Fatima, Wafa;Fattahi, Hamed;Fekadu, Ginenus;Feleke, Berhanu Elfu;Ferrari, Allegra Allegra;Ferrero, Simone;Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo;Filip, Irina;Fischer, Florian;Foroumadi, Roham;Foroutan, Masoud;Fukumoto, Takeshi;Gaal, Peter Andras;Gad, Mohamed M;Gadanya, Muktar A;Gaipov, Abduzhappar;Galehdar, Nasrin;Gallus, Silvano;Garg, Tushar;Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana;Gebremariam, Yosef Haile;Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru;Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu;Geda, Yohannes Fikadu;Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw;Gemeda, Belete Negese Belete;Getachew, Melaku;Getachew, Motuma Erena;Ghaffari, Kazem;Ghafourifard, Mansour;Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi;Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad;Ghassemi, Fariba;Ghimire, Ajnish;Ghith, Nermin;Gholamalizadeh, Maryam;Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Jamshid;Ghozy, Sherief;Gilani, Syed Amir;Gill, Paramjit Singh;Ginindza, Themba G;Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T;Glasbey, James C;Godos, Justyna;Goel, Amit;Golechha, Mahaveer;Goleij, Pouya;Golinelli, Davide;Golitaleb, Mohamad;Gorini, Giuseppe;Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia;Grosso, Giuseppe;Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh;Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen;Gudayu, Temesgen Worku;Guerra, Maximiliano Ribeiro;Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga;Gupta, Bhawna;Gupta, Sapna;Gupta, Veer Bala;Gupta, Vivek Kumar;Gurara, Mekdes Kondale;Guta, Alemu;Habibzadeh, Parham;Haddadi Avval, Atlas;Hafezi-Nejad, Nima;Hajj Ali, Adel;Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin;Halboub, Esam S;Halimi, Aram;Halwani, Rabih;Hamadeh, Randah R;Hameed, Sajid;Hamidi, Samer;Hanif, Asif;Hariri, Sanam;Harlianto, Netanja I;Haro, Josep Maria;Hartono, Risky Kusuma;Hasaballah, Ahmed I;Hasan, S M Mahmudul;Hasani, Hamidreza;Hashemi, Seyedeh Melika;Hassan, Abbas M;Hassanipour, Soheil;Hayat, Khezar;Heidari, Golnaz;Heidari, Mohammad;Heidarymeybodi, Zahra;Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana;Herteliu, Claudiu;Hezam, Kamal;Hiraike, Yuta;Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni;Holla, Ramesh;Holm, Marianne;Horita, Nobuyuki;Hoseini, Mohammad;Hossain, Md Mahbub;Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain;Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar;Hosseinzadeh, Ali;Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi;Hostiuc, Mihaela;Hostiuc, Sorin;Househ, Mowafa;Huang, Junjie;Hugo, Fernando N;Humayun, Ayesha;Hussain, Salman;Hussein, Nawfal R;Hwang, Bing-Fang;Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel;Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria;Ikuta, Kevin S;Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen;Ilic, Irena M;Ilic, Milena D;Immurana, Mustapha;Innos, Kaire;Iranpour, Pooya;Irham, Lalu Muhammad;Islam, Md Shariful;Islam, Rakibul M;Islami, Farhad;Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah;Isola, Gaetano;Iwagami, Masao;J, Linda Merin;Jaiswal, Abhishek;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo;Jalili, Mahsa;Jalilian, Shahram;Jamshidi, Elham;Jang, Sung-In;Jani, Chinmay T;Javaheri, Tahereh;Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh;Jayaram, Shubha;Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad;Jebai, Rime;Jemal, Bedru;Jeong, Wonjeong;Jha, Ravi Prakash;Jindal, Har Ashish;John-Akinola, Yetunde O;Jonas, Jost B;Joo, Tamas;Joseph, Nitin;Joukar, Farahnaz;Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy;Jürisson, Mikk;Kabir, Ali;Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama;Kadashetti, Vidya;Kahe, Farima;Kakodkar, Pradnya Vishal;Kalankesh, Laleh R;Kalankesh, Leila R;Kalhor, Rohollah;Kamal, 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2022

Abstract

Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden.

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	Parole chiave
	
				cancer; GBD; 2010-2019;
			
	Settori scientifico-disciplinari dell'articolo (sola visualizzazione)
	
				Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica
Settore MED/06 - Oncologia Medica
Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata
			
	Data di pubblicazione
	
				20-ago-2022
			
	Rivista in ANCE
	
				THE LANCET
			
	DOI
	
				https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6
			
	Tipologia
	
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				01 - Articolo su periodico

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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/936431

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