University written exams before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the lockdown imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic, Universities had to face the problem of online examining students at the end of the various courses planned in their bachelor and master degrees. In particular, different solutions for student proctoring during written exams have been identified, depending on the number of students to be examined. This paper concentrates on the results of application of these solutions for one complete academic year (from May 2020 to April 2021) compared with a normal, nonpandemic year (2018-19). Particular attention is given to number of exams and average grade (i.e., measure of student level of competence, ranging from 18/30 to 30/30 cum laude in the Italian system) attributed to students by the teachers belonging to the different faculties/schools.