The chemical effects of the acoustic cavitation generated by ultrasound translates into the production of highly reactive radicals. Acoustic cavitation is widely explored in aqueous solutions but it remains poorly studied in organic liquids and in particular in liquid/solid media. However, several heterogeneous catalysis reactions take place in organic solvents. Thus, we sonicated trimethylene glycol and propylene glycol in the presence of silica particles (SiO2) of different sizes (5–15 nm, 0.2–0.3 µm, 12–26 µm) and amounts (0.5 wt% and 3 wt%) at an ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz to quantify the radicals generated. The spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolin–N-oxide (DMPO) was used to trap the generated radicals for study by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We identified the trapped radical as the hydroxyalkyl radical adduct of DMPO, and we quantified it using stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) as a quantitation standard. The concentration of DMPO spin adducts in solutions containing silica size 12–26 µm was higher than the solution without particles. The presence of these particles increased the concentration of the acoustically generated radicals by a factor of 1.5 (29 µM for 0.5 wt% of SiO2 size 12–26 µm vs 19 µM for 0 wt%, after 60 min of sonication). Ultrasound produced fewest radicals in solutions with the smallest particles; the concentration of radical adducts was highest for SiO2 particle size 12–26 µm at 0.5 wt% loading, reaching 29 µM after 60 min sonication. Ultrasound power of 50.6 W produced more radicals than 24.7 W (23 µM and 18 µM, respectively, at 30 min sonication). Increased temperature during sonication generated more radical adducts in the medium (26 µM at 75 °C and 18 µM at 61 °C after 30 min sonication). Acoustic cavitation, in the presence of silica, increased the production of radical species in the studied organic medium.

Electron paramagnetic resonance of sonicated powder suspensions in organic solvents / H. Laajimi, M. Mattia, R.S. Stein, C.L. Bianchi, D.C. Boffito. - In: ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY. - ISSN 1350-4177. - 73(2021 May). [10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105544]

Electron paramagnetic resonance of sonicated powder suspensions in organic solvents

C.L. Bianchi
Penultimo
Membro del Collaboration Group
;
2021

Abstract

The chemical effects of the acoustic cavitation generated by ultrasound translates into the production of highly reactive radicals. Acoustic cavitation is widely explored in aqueous solutions but it remains poorly studied in organic liquids and in particular in liquid/solid media. However, several heterogeneous catalysis reactions take place in organic solvents. Thus, we sonicated trimethylene glycol and propylene glycol in the presence of silica particles (SiO2) of different sizes (5–15 nm, 0.2–0.3 µm, 12–26 µm) and amounts (0.5 wt% and 3 wt%) at an ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz to quantify the radicals generated. The spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolin–N-oxide (DMPO) was used to trap the generated radicals for study by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We identified the trapped radical as the hydroxyalkyl radical adduct of DMPO, and we quantified it using stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) as a quantitation standard. The concentration of DMPO spin adducts in solutions containing silica size 12–26 µm was higher than the solution without particles. The presence of these particles increased the concentration of the acoustically generated radicals by a factor of 1.5 (29 µM for 0.5 wt% of SiO2 size 12–26 µm vs 19 µM for 0 wt%, after 60 min of sonication). Ultrasound produced fewest radicals in solutions with the smallest particles; the concentration of radical adducts was highest for SiO2 particle size 12–26 µm at 0.5 wt% loading, reaching 29 µM after 60 min sonication. Ultrasound power of 50.6 W produced more radicals than 24.7 W (23 µM and 18 µM, respectively, at 30 min sonication). Increased temperature during sonication generated more radical adducts in the medium (26 µM at 75 °C and 18 µM at 61 °C after 30 min sonication). Acoustic cavitation, in the presence of silica, increased the production of radical species in the studied organic medium.
EPR, spin trapping; ultrasound; free radicals; solid particle; organic solvent; sonochemical activity quantification
Settore CHIM/04 - Chimica Industriale
mag-2021
26-mar-2021
Article (author)
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Preprint ULTSON marzo 2021.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Pre-print (manoscritto inviato all'editore)
Dimensione 1.06 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.06 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
1-s2.0-S1350417721000869-main.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Publisher's version/PDF
Dimensione 1.35 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.35 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Pubblicazioni consigliate

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/829052
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? 2
  • Scopus 13
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 13
social impact