New therapeutic products are typically approved based on their demonstrated efficacy and safety in a series of clinical trials. Randomized, controlled, phase 3 studies are considered to be the most rigorous means for studying the efficacy/safety profile of drugs. Various aspects of a medicinal product’s safety may not be known from clinical trials and until the product is used in routine clinical settings. Research efforts by clinical pharmacologist towards predicting safety, efficacy and effectiveness of drugs require a multidimensional approach. Such a multidimensional approach should encompass related discipline of clinical pharmacology, such as pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacovigilance and clinical pharmacy that can provide the tools for rigorous assessment of the good and harm that specific medications provide. Real-world data (RWD) and evidence provide the potential to address the effectiveness and safety of drugs. With the emerging RWD sources, clinical pharmacologist should able to effectively and comprehensively exploit RWD sources depending on the research problem. Towards this goal, this dissertation has proposed and investigated a research framework for clinical pharmacology, if this would produce reliable evidence to answer given research question by exploiting and combining evidence from different data sources, namely pharmacovigilance and observational studies. To answer the initial research questions, several studies were conducted. The work described in this thesis is based on five original studies. In study I-II, an association between psychotropic drugs (anti-psychotics/antidepressants) use and hyponatremia was studied. The pathophysiology of hyponatremia induced by psychotropic drug remains unclear. To gain knowledge into this rare and severe pathology, we performed a study combining a real-world pharmacovigilance safety data and the pharmacodynamics properties of given drug class. These studies highlight the potential roles of receptor targets in psychotropic induced by hyponatremia. Overall, these studies contribute to a better understanding of hyponatremia induced psychotropic and to identify the potential target of interest that needs to be further explored. In study III, the potential association between the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and bullous pemphigoid was analysed. Since 2012, an increased risk of bullous pemphigoid among DPP-4 inhibitor users has been reported in case series, pharmacovigilance reports, and case-control studies. To date, the mechanism by which DPP-4 inhibitors induce BP is not well understood. This is the first study aimed at evaluating the potential role of pharmacological properties of different gliptins in the occurrence of BP as a result of exposure to DPP-4 inhibitors using the global SRS. Several molecular targets were analysed and we found a clinical relevance of gliptins selectivity for DDP-4 in the development of BP as a result of exposure to these drugs. In study IV-V, we studied the association between anthropometric changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients following anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- α therapy using three different methodologies. In study IV, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies on anti-TNF-α in adults and paediatric IBD patients reporting changes in anthropometric parameters. Subsequently, A longitudinal case series analysis was performed to assess anthropometric and glucometabolic changes in paediatric IBD patients following anti-TNF treatment. Finally, to map a broader safety profile of anti-TNF-α therapy in a real-world setting, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of pharmacovigilance database in parallel to quantify the association between TNF-α therapy and the rate of body-related changes. In conclusion, the research presented in this dissertation has produced several novel insights and provided new answers towards the challenging drug safety questions. This dissertation developed research framework including technical and statistical methods for examining ADEs and/or beneficial effect of drugs that might occur among new or established users of pharmaceuticals. This work provides a template to clinical pharmacologist in establishing a continuous learning system for other priority conditions and drug classes, other populations, and other databases which could potentially unveil drug safety profiles and novel adverse events (AEs).
I farmaci di neo-immissione in commercio vengono approvati sulla base delle prove di efficacia e sicurezza dimostrate nel corso dei trial clinici pre-registrativi. Gli studi clinici randomizzati e controllati di fase 3 sono infatti considerati il mezzo più rigoroso per studiare il profilo di efficacia/sicurezza dei farmaci. Vari aspetti legati alla sicurezza di un medicinale possono però non essere individuati durante la conduzione di tali studi clinici e vengono resi noto solo quando il prodotto viene utilizzato nella pratica clinica quotidiana. Le attività di ricerca del farmacologo clinico nel prevedere la sicurezza e l'efficacia dei farmaci richiedono un approccio multidimensionale. Un tale approccio multidimensionale dovrebbe includere tutte le discipline correlata alla farmacologia clinica, come la farmacoepidemiologia, la farmacovigilanza e la farmacia clinica, che possono fornire gli strumenti per una valutazione rigorosa dei benefici e dei possibili effetti collaterali dei farmaci. Le evidenze scaturite dai dati del mondo reale (RWD) forniscono il potenziale per affrontare gli aspetti legati all'efficacia e sicurezza dei trattamenti. Grazie al numero crescente di fonti di RWD, il farmacologo clinico potrebbe sfruttare appieno ed efficacemente la possibilità di utilizzare queste fonti, in accordo allo specifico quesito clinico. A tal fine, l’elaborato di tesi è incentrato sulla proposta e validazione di un modello di approccio multidisciplinare per la farmacologia clinica, in modo tale da verificare se tali strategie possono produrre prove affidabili per rispondere a determinate quesiti clinici sfruttando e combinando prove da diverse fonti di dati, vale a dire i sistemi di segnalazione spontanea, la letteratura e la conduzione di studi osservazionali. Sono stati condotti diversi studi per affrontare determinati quesiti clinici. Il lavoro descritto in questa tesi si basa su cinque studi originali. Negli studi I-II, è stata studiata l’associazione tra l'uso di farmaci psicotropi (antipsicotici/antidepressivi) e l'insorgenza di iponatriemia. La fisiopatologia dell'iponatriemia indotta da farmaci psicotropi rimane poco chiara. Per acquisire conoscenze su questa patologia rara e grave, abbiamo eseguito uno studio che combina i dati di monitoraggio post-marketing con le proprietà farmacodinamiche dei farmaci in oggetto. Questi studi evidenziano i potenziali ruoli dei bersagli recettoriali dei vari agenti psicotropi nella comparsa di iponatriemia. Nel complesso, questi studi contribuiscono a una migliore comprensione ti tale associazione e all’identificazione di potenziali bersagli di interesse che devono essere ulteriormente esplorati. Nello studio III, è stata analizzata la potenziale associazione tra l'uso di inibitori della dipeptidil peptidasi-4 (DPP-4) e la comparsa di pemfigoide bolloso. A partire dal 2012, è stato segnalato un aumento del rischio di pemfigoide bolloso tra gli utilizzatori di farmaci inibitori della DPP-4 nell’ambito di studi di farmacovigilanza e caso-controllo. Ad oggi, il meccanismo con cui gli inibitori della DPP-4 inducono la BP non è stato caratterizzato. Questo è il primo studio volto a valutare il ruolo potenziale delle proprietà farmacologiche delle diverse gliptine nella comparsa di pemfigoide bolloso a seguito dell'esposizione a tali farmaci, utilizzando i dati provenienti dal sistema di segnalazione spontanea internazionale. Nell’analizzare diversi bersagli molecolari, abbiamo riscontrato una rilevanza clinica della selettività delle gliptine per la isoforma DDP-4 nello sviluppo del pemfigoide bolloso come risultato dell'esposizione a questi farmaci. Negli studi IV-V, abbiamo studiato l'associazione tra i cambiamenti antropometrici nei pazienti con malattia infiammatoria intestinale (IBD) e la terapia con farmaci inibitori del fattore di necrosi tumorale (TNF)-α utilizzando tre diverse metodologie. Nello studio IV, abbiamo eseguito una revisione sistematica e una meta-analisi della letteratura sull’utilizzo dei farmaci anti-TNF-α negli adulti e nei pazienti pediatrici con IBD che riportavano cambiamenti nei parametri antropometrici. Successivamente, è stata eseguita un’analisi longitudinale di case series per valutare i cambiamenti antropometrici e glicometabolici nei pazienti pediatrici con IBD dopo il trattamento con anti-TNF-α nella pratica clinica quotidiana. Infine, per mappare un profilo di sicurezza più ampio della terapia anti-TNF-α in un contesto reale, in parallelo, abbiamo effettuato un'analisi del database di farmacovigilanza per quantificare l'associazione tra la terapia anti-TNF-α e il tasso di cambiamenti antropometrici. In conclusione, la ricerca presentata in questo elaborato di tesi ha prodotto diversi nuovi spunti di discussione e ha fornito nuove risposte ai numerosi quesiti clinici irrisolti sulla sicurezza dei farmaci, sviluppando contestualmente un approccio multidisciplinare che include metodi tecnici e statistici per esaminare gli ADE e/o gli effetti benefici dei farmaci che potrebbero verificarsi tra nuovi e vecchi utilizzatori. Questo lavoro fornisce al farmacologo clinico una strategia di intervento pluridisciplinare per la valutazione dei rischi e benefici dei farmaci da adattare potenzialmente ad altri ambiti di ricerca prioritari, così come ad altre popolazioni e fonti dati in grado di contribuire alla caratterizzazione dei profili di sicurezza dei farmaci.
EXPLOITING DIVERSE DATA SOURCES TO INVESTIGATE EMERGING SAFETY ISSUES OF DRUGS IN POST-MARKETING PHASE: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGIST / F. Mazhar ; tutor principale: Clementi. E ; co-tutor: Carnovale C, S. Radice ; coordinatore: A. Catapano. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, 2021 Feb 16. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020. [10.13130/mazhar-faizan_phd2021-02-16].
EXPLOITING DIVERSE DATA SOURCES TO INVESTIGATE EMERGING SAFETY ISSUES OF DRUGS IN POST-MARKETING PHASE: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGIST
F. Mazhar
2021
Abstract
New therapeutic products are typically approved based on their demonstrated efficacy and safety in a series of clinical trials. Randomized, controlled, phase 3 studies are considered to be the most rigorous means for studying the efficacy/safety profile of drugs. Various aspects of a medicinal product’s safety may not be known from clinical trials and until the product is used in routine clinical settings. Research efforts by clinical pharmacologist towards predicting safety, efficacy and effectiveness of drugs require a multidimensional approach. Such a multidimensional approach should encompass related discipline of clinical pharmacology, such as pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacovigilance and clinical pharmacy that can provide the tools for rigorous assessment of the good and harm that specific medications provide. Real-world data (RWD) and evidence provide the potential to address the effectiveness and safety of drugs. With the emerging RWD sources, clinical pharmacologist should able to effectively and comprehensively exploit RWD sources depending on the research problem. Towards this goal, this dissertation has proposed and investigated a research framework for clinical pharmacology, if this would produce reliable evidence to answer given research question by exploiting and combining evidence from different data sources, namely pharmacovigilance and observational studies. To answer the initial research questions, several studies were conducted. The work described in this thesis is based on five original studies. In study I-II, an association between psychotropic drugs (anti-psychotics/antidepressants) use and hyponatremia was studied. The pathophysiology of hyponatremia induced by psychotropic drug remains unclear. To gain knowledge into this rare and severe pathology, we performed a study combining a real-world pharmacovigilance safety data and the pharmacodynamics properties of given drug class. These studies highlight the potential roles of receptor targets in psychotropic induced by hyponatremia. Overall, these studies contribute to a better understanding of hyponatremia induced psychotropic and to identify the potential target of interest that needs to be further explored. In study III, the potential association between the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and bullous pemphigoid was analysed. Since 2012, an increased risk of bullous pemphigoid among DPP-4 inhibitor users has been reported in case series, pharmacovigilance reports, and case-control studies. To date, the mechanism by which DPP-4 inhibitors induce BP is not well understood. This is the first study aimed at evaluating the potential role of pharmacological properties of different gliptins in the occurrence of BP as a result of exposure to DPP-4 inhibitors using the global SRS. Several molecular targets were analysed and we found a clinical relevance of gliptins selectivity for DDP-4 in the development of BP as a result of exposure to these drugs. In study IV-V, we studied the association between anthropometric changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients following anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- α therapy using three different methodologies. In study IV, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies on anti-TNF-α in adults and paediatric IBD patients reporting changes in anthropometric parameters. Subsequently, A longitudinal case series analysis was performed to assess anthropometric and glucometabolic changes in paediatric IBD patients following anti-TNF treatment. Finally, to map a broader safety profile of anti-TNF-α therapy in a real-world setting, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of pharmacovigilance database in parallel to quantify the association between TNF-α therapy and the rate of body-related changes. In conclusion, the research presented in this dissertation has produced several novel insights and provided new answers towards the challenging drug safety questions. This dissertation developed research framework including technical and statistical methods for examining ADEs and/or beneficial effect of drugs that might occur among new or established users of pharmaceuticals. This work provides a template to clinical pharmacologist in establishing a continuous learning system for other priority conditions and drug classes, other populations, and other databases which could potentially unveil drug safety profiles and novel adverse events (AEs).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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