Sex estimation using scapular measurements: discriminant function analysis in a modern Italian population

Accurate sex estimation of skeletal remains is of critical importance in medico-legal investigations. Despite a significant number of metric sex estimation techniques being developed over recent years, minimal research has been conducted on the suitability of the scapulae. The aim of this study was therefore to establish population-specific discriminant functions from six scapular measurements from the left and right scapulae of 180 contemporary individuals (94 males and 86 females) from the modern and documented CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection. The measurements comprise the maximum morphological length and breadth of the scapula, the maximum length and breadth of the glenoid cavity and the maximum width of the acromion process and coracoid process. All measurements were sexually dimorphic, as a significant mean difference (p < 0.001) in size was found. All direct and stepwise functions, apart from one outperformed (similar to 83- 96%) univariate ones (similar to 65 - 86%). The maximum width of the coracoid process measurement performed the worst, and therefore should be used with caution. Bilateral asymmetry was observed in three male and three female measurements. High accuracy rates combined with high levels of inter- and intra-observer agreements (R > 0.995) indicate that this technique is suitable for estimating the sex of skeletal remains.