The advent of printing technologies for the production of orodispersible films (ODF) guides a growing interest in the application of these dosage forms to precision dosing in personalized medicine. Indeed, the tailoring of ODF shape, colour and/or dimension allows end-users to easily identify their own medicinal product, improving both safety and adherence (Chapter 1). At the same time, to open real perspectives towards ODF for personalized dosing, the design of such technologies should advance along with the development of easy and non-destructive assays, based on colorimetry and spectroscopy, which can allow to establish the physical and chemical quality of ODF (Chapter 2). This doctoral thesis aimed to demonstrates the feasibility of a novel printing technology to extemporaneously compound ODF on-demand. The basic idea was to propose a novel apparatus that combines a hot-melt ram extruder with the plate of a 3D-printer. As far as the formulation is concerned, maltodextrins plasticized with glycerol were selected since they are excipients accepted for both children and elderly. The preparation method consists of simple operations, involving the mixing of the drug substance with maltodextrins and other excipients, then the loading of the mixture into the ram extruder, heating, and printing of the single ODF directly on the packaging aluminium foil. The versatility of this technology was tested by loading ODF with drugs having different physicochemical characteristics. First, paracetamol was selected as a model to demonstrate the drug payload which resulted in loading up to 74 mg/ 6 cm2 and, therefore, allowing the preparation of ODF with a drug amount higher than the highest in the market (i.e., 100 mg/ 9cm2) (Chapter 3). Then, diclofenac sodium was loaded as a model of heat-sensitive and bitter drug to prepare ODF intended for the treatment of migraine in paediatric population. The data revealed that, the exposure to relatively low temperature (i.e., approximately 90 °C) during the printing limited the formation of degradation by-products of the drug (< 0.2%). Furthermore, to improve ODF palatability and patients’ handing, a combination of taste-masking agents (TMA), opacifiers, and, when required, an anti-sticking agent are often loaded into ODF. Thus, the effect of these excipients on the physical properties of ODF loaded by diclofenac was also studied. The results revealed that titanium dioxide, selected as an opacifier, improved not only the ODF aesthetic appearance, but also ODF detachment from the primary packaging material, an aspect particularly relevant to prevent breakage during handing (Chapter 4). Olanzapine (OLZ) was finally tested because it can undergo solid-state modifications under different processing conditions. In this case, the comparison on the performance of OLZ ODF prepared by the proposed technology and consolidated solvent casting technique, which requires the use of a large amount of water, revealed that hot-melt ram extrusion prevented the conversion of OLZ from anhydrous Form I to a pseudo-polymorphic form with lower solubility, which could affect the drug bioavailability (Chapter 5). In conclusion, hot-melt ram extrusion printing can be advantageously used to prepare small batches of ODF made of maltodextrins and glycerine, avoiding the use of solvent and harsh temperatures. This basic formula can be exploited to load drugs differing in physicochemical characteristics, and other excipients to provide suitable organoleptic features of the final dosage form.
L'avvento di numerose tecnologie per produzione di film orodispersibili (ODF) ha suscitato un crescente interesse verso l'impiego di questa forma di dosaggio nell’ambito della personalizzazione della terapia. Difatti, la possibilità di ottenere ODF di diverse forme, colori e dimensioni permette a pazienti di identificare facilmente il medicinale, aumentando così la sicurezza e dell’aderenza al trattamento farmacologico (Capitolo 1). Tale avanzamento tecnologico deve tuttavia procedere parallelamente allo sviluppo di saggi non distruttivi e di facile esecuzione in farmacia per la determinazione e il controllo della qualità chimica e fisica degli ODF, come requisito imprescindibile alla sicurezza e all’efficacia (Capitolo 2). Scopo della presente tesi di dottorato è quello di dimostrate la possibilità di produrre film orodispersibili su piccola scala mediante l’uso di una una nuova tecnologia di stampa costituita da una siringa termostatata in grado di estrudere a velocità costante la massa fusa di principio attivo ed eccipienti su un piatto mobile. La composizione della miscela comprende una maltodestrina plasticizzata con glicerica in quanto questi eccipienti sono idenei per la produzione di ODF sia per i pazienti pediatrici, sia per gli anziani. Il metodo di preparazione prevede dei semplici passaggi: la miscelazione del principio attivo con il polimero, plasticizzzante ed eventuali altri eccipienti; il caricamento dell’impasto nella siringa e il preriscaldamento dell’impasto fino a completo rammollimento; la conseguente forzatura attraverso l’ago per depositare il film orodispersibile con una forma definita su un foglio di alluminio che costituisce il confezionamento primario. La versatilità di questo approccio è stata verificata preparando ODF contenenti principi attivi con diverse caratteristiche chimico-fisiche. Tra le varie molecule modello, il paracetamolo è stato scelto per dimostrare la fattibilità di caricare una quantità di attivo (74 mg/ 6 cm2) più elevate rispetto mercato dosaggi di ODF presenti sul mercato (100 mg/9cm2) (Capitolo 3). Nel caso dei film caricati con diclofenac sodico, utilizzato come esempio di sostanza termosensibile, non si è evidenziata la formazione di prodotti di degradazione dovute alle temperature utilizzate per rammollire la miscela (Capitolo 4). Per migliorare la managgevolezza e le proprietà organolettiche dei film, spesso sono aggiunti altri eccipienti quali edulcoranti, aromi e agenti che ne limitano l’appicicosità. In questo ambito, il diossido di titanio, selezionato come opacizzante, non solo ha permesso di migliorare le caratteristiche estetiche dei film, ma ha anche la rimozione del film dal materiale del confezionamento primario, aspetto che risulta particolarmente importante per evitarne la rottura durante la manipolazione da parte del paziente (Capitolo 4). Infine, è stata caricata nei film una quantità pari a 10 mg olanzapine, come modello di sostanza soggetta a polimorfismo. In questo caso il confronto con processi di produzione che richiedono l’utilizzo di una sospensione su base acquosa, ha permesso di evidenziare che la tecnologia proposta elimina la possibilità di conversione dalla forma I alla forma pseudopolimorfica che è caratterizzata da una minore solubilità che potrebbe influire negarivamente sulla biodisponibilità di questa molecola (Capitolo 5). In conclusione, la tecnologia basata su una modifica dell’estrusione a caldo potrebbe essere utilizzata per stampare film costituiti da maltodestrine e glicerina, limitando gli inconvenienti legati all’uso di solventi e altre temperature. Questa formulazione può essere sfruttata per ottenere film contenenti principi attivi con caratteristiche chimico-fisiche diverse, e altri eccipienti richiesti per migliorare le caratteristiche organolettiche di questa forma farmaceutica finita.
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS IN PERSONALIZED THERAPY: THE DESIGN OF ORODISPERSIBLE DOSAGE FORMS / G.m. Khalid ; tutor: F. Selmin ; coordinator: G. Aldini. Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, 2021 Jan 13. 33. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020.
EXTEMPORANEOUS PREPARATIONS IN PERSONALIZED THERAPY: THE DESIGN OF ORODISPERSIBLE DOSAGE FORMS.
G.M. Khalid
2021
Abstract
The advent of printing technologies for the production of orodispersible films (ODF) guides a growing interest in the application of these dosage forms to precision dosing in personalized medicine. Indeed, the tailoring of ODF shape, colour and/or dimension allows end-users to easily identify their own medicinal product, improving both safety and adherence (Chapter 1). At the same time, to open real perspectives towards ODF for personalized dosing, the design of such technologies should advance along with the development of easy and non-destructive assays, based on colorimetry and spectroscopy, which can allow to establish the physical and chemical quality of ODF (Chapter 2). This doctoral thesis aimed to demonstrates the feasibility of a novel printing technology to extemporaneously compound ODF on-demand. The basic idea was to propose a novel apparatus that combines a hot-melt ram extruder with the plate of a 3D-printer. As far as the formulation is concerned, maltodextrins plasticized with glycerol were selected since they are excipients accepted for both children and elderly. The preparation method consists of simple operations, involving the mixing of the drug substance with maltodextrins and other excipients, then the loading of the mixture into the ram extruder, heating, and printing of the single ODF directly on the packaging aluminium foil. The versatility of this technology was tested by loading ODF with drugs having different physicochemical characteristics. First, paracetamol was selected as a model to demonstrate the drug payload which resulted in loading up to 74 mg/ 6 cm2 and, therefore, allowing the preparation of ODF with a drug amount higher than the highest in the market (i.e., 100 mg/ 9cm2) (Chapter 3). Then, diclofenac sodium was loaded as a model of heat-sensitive and bitter drug to prepare ODF intended for the treatment of migraine in paediatric population. The data revealed that, the exposure to relatively low temperature (i.e., approximately 90 °C) during the printing limited the formation of degradation by-products of the drug (< 0.2%). Furthermore, to improve ODF palatability and patients’ handing, a combination of taste-masking agents (TMA), opacifiers, and, when required, an anti-sticking agent are often loaded into ODF. Thus, the effect of these excipients on the physical properties of ODF loaded by diclofenac was also studied. The results revealed that titanium dioxide, selected as an opacifier, improved not only the ODF aesthetic appearance, but also ODF detachment from the primary packaging material, an aspect particularly relevant to prevent breakage during handing (Chapter 4). Olanzapine (OLZ) was finally tested because it can undergo solid-state modifications under different processing conditions. In this case, the comparison on the performance of OLZ ODF prepared by the proposed technology and consolidated solvent casting technique, which requires the use of a large amount of water, revealed that hot-melt ram extrusion prevented the conversion of OLZ from anhydrous Form I to a pseudo-polymorphic form with lower solubility, which could affect the drug bioavailability (Chapter 5). In conclusion, hot-melt ram extrusion printing can be advantageously used to prepare small batches of ODF made of maltodextrins and glycerine, avoiding the use of solvent and harsh temperatures. This basic formula can be exploited to load drugs differing in physicochemical characteristics, and other excipients to provide suitable organoleptic features of the final dosage form.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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