Tetraazaperopyrenes: A new class of multifunctional chromophores

Tetra azaperopyrene and a range of derivatives have been synthesised and their photophysical and redox-chemical properties studied. The parent compound, 1,3,8,10-tetraazaperopyrene (1), was prepared by treating 4,9-diamino-3,10-perylenequinone diimine with triethyl orthoformate, whereas the 2,9-disubstituted derivatives of 1 were obtained after treatment with the corresponding carboxylic acid chloride or anhydride (2 mol equiv). The 1,3,8,10-tetraazaperopyrene core structure was established by X-ray diffraction of 2,9-bis(2-bromophenyl)-1,3,8,10- tetra azaperopyrene (6). The UV-visible absorption spectra of the compounds have a characteristic visible pi(*) <- pi absorption band at 440 nm (log epsilon(max),=4.80) with a strong vibrational progression (Delta v approximate to 1450 cm(-1)). Diprotonation of the nitrogen atoms induces a bathochromic shift of this band from 430-440 to 470-480 mm and all four nitrogen atoms are protonated when pure H2SO4 is used as the solvent. The first and second as well as the third and fourth protonations occur concomitantly, which implies that they have very similar pKa values and, consequently, similar proton affinities. A theoretical study of the proton affinities in the gas phase and in solution attributes this behaviour to the effects of polar solvents, which dampen the charge of a protonated site at the other end of the molecule and thus effectively decouple the two opposite pyrimidine units in the polycondensed aromatic compound. The photophysical data were modelled in a time-dependent DFT study of 1, 1H(2)(2+) and 1H(4)(4+) in both the gas phase and in a polar solvent. All the dyes show weak fluorescence in organic solvents, however, their protonated conjugate acids show dramatically increased fluorescence intensity. All of the dyes undergo two electrochemically reversible one-electron reductions with cyclovoltammetric half-wave potentials at E (red1) approximate to -0.9 V and E-red2 approximate to -1.3 V (vs. SCE), which are associated with characteristic spectral changes.