Olfactory disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic literature review

Objective: Recent scientific literature has widely described a possible major role of smell dysfunction as a specific symptom of coronavirus disease 2019. This systematic review may provide a more holistic approach to current knowledge of the disease. Methods: A systematic review was completed using Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases that considered original articles focused on olfactory evaluation in coronavirus disease 2019 patients, published between March and May 2020, in English language. Results: From the 483 research papers initially identified, 32 original studies were selected, comprising a total of 17 306 subjects with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Individual study sample sizes ranged from 6 to 6452 patients. This comprehensive analysis confirmed that olfactory disorders represent an important clinical feature in coronavirus disease 2019, with a prevalence of 11-100 per cent in included patients, although there was heterogeneity in terms of assessment tools and population selection criteria. Conclusion: The results indicate that an accurate clinical evaluation should be carried out using structured questionnaires and tests with olfactory substances.