OBJECTIVES The purpose of this narrative review of the literature is to collect and analyze the scientific evidence regarding the application of shock waves in odontostomatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A research was performed on electronic databases such as Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Cochrane library from January 1998 to January 2019. The inclusion criteria were: - - publication in English; - publication indexed on the main search engines; - in vitro or animal studies with representative samples and reproducible results; - studies on human (case series, prospective or retrospective) with a minimum number equal to or greater than 10, randomized case-control studies (RCT, randomized clinical trials), systematic reviews, metanalysis; - absence of conflicts of interest by the authors. At the end of the electronic research, all the titles were examined and all the selected abstracts were examined, and the selection of full-text articles was determined. Of the 138 articles in full text examined, 120 were excluded from the final analysis because one or more of the inclusion criteria listed above were not respected. In the various articles taken into consideration the effect of the ESWT was investigated in different dental specialties; in particular, this method has been associated with orthodontic therapy in order to speed up the timing and help the remodeling and stability of periodontal tissues in the realigned teeth. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although the exact biological effects of shock wave therapy for musculoskeletal disorders are not completely understood, current studies seem to indicate that ESWT may have a favorable influence on osteoblasts and their precursors. The shock waves would be able to stimulate the early expression of cytokines linked to osteogenesis favoring the growth and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells towards osteoprogenitors, thus contributing to bone regeneration processes. Studies on biochemistry have shown that ESWT is able to activate different genes, such as those involved in the synthesis of TGF-β1 and BMP-2, linked to osteogenesis; expression patterns of bone-related genes such as osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN) induced by shock waves have been seen to be similar to those responsible for periosteal callus formation during healing processes. At the same time, the evidence supporting the use of ESWT in periodontology and oral surgery is still extremely limited; nevertheless, numerous information obtained from the application of shock waves in the context of dental elements subjected to orthodontic forces, and in particular regarding the expression profiles of some inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, could potentially be transferred to periodontal therapy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE At this time, based on the available results, the use of shock waves as adjuvants for periodontal or orthodontic treatment is still far from being recommended for clinical routine, as neither dosages are clear nor the number of optimal applications. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms involved and the effects caused are far from being understood. However, hypothetical fields of use and reduced invasiveness could justify the development of future studies.
Obiettivi Lo scopo di questa revisione narrativa della letteratura è quello di raccogliere e analizzare l’evidenza scientifica in merito all’applicazione delle onde d’urto in odontostomatologia. Materiali e metodi È stata eseguita una ricerca su database elettronici quali Medline (PubMed), Scopus e Cochrane library da gennaio 1998 a gennaio 2019. I criteri di inclusione da soddisfare erano: pubblicazione in lingua inglese; pubblicazione indicizzata sui principali motori di ricerca; studi in vitro o su animale con campioni rappresentativi e risultati riproducibili; studi su umano (case serie, prospettici o retrospettivi) con numerosità minima pari o superiore a 10, studi caso-controllo, randomizzati (RCT, randomized clinical trial), revisioni sistematiche, metanalisi; assenza di conflitti di interesse da parte degli autori. Al termine della ricerca elettronica, sono stati esaminati tutti i titoli e tutti gli abstract selezionati, ed è stata determinata la selezione di articoli a testo completo. Dei 138 articoli in versione integrale esaminati, 120 sono stati esclusi dall’analisi finale poiché non soddisfacenti uno o più dei criteri di inclusione sopra elencati. Nei diversi articoli presi in considerazione, l’effetto della ESWT è stato indagato nell’ambito di diverse specialità odontoiatriche; in particolare, questa metodica è stata associata alla terapia ortodontica al fine di accelerarne le tempistiche e di favorire il rimodellamento e la stabilità dei tessuti parodontali nei denti riallineati. Risultati e conclusioni Anche se gli esatti effetti biologici della terapia con onde d’urto per i disturbi muscolo-scheletrici non sono completamente compresi, gli studi attuali sembrano indicare che la ESWT possa avere un’influenza favorevole sugli osteoblasti e sui loro precursori. Le onde d’urto sarebbero in grado di stimolare l’espressione precoce di citochine legate all’osteogenesi favorendo la crescita e la differenziazione delle cellule stromali del midollo osseo verso gli osteoprogenitori, contribuendo in tal modo nei processi di rigenerazione ossea. Studi sulla biochimica hanno dimostrato che la ESWT è in grado di attivare diversi geni, quali per esempio quelli implicati nella sintesi di TGF-β1 e BMP-2, legati all’osteogenesi; i modelli di espressione dei geni correlati all’osso come l’osteocalcina (OC) e l’osteopontina (OPN) indotti da onde d’urto sono stati visti essere simili a quelli responsabili della formazione del callo periosteale durante i processi di guarigione. Allo stesso tempo, l’evidenza a supporto dell’uso della ESWT in parodontologia e in chirurgia orale è ancora estremamente limitata; ciò nonostante, numerose informazioni ottenute dall’applicazione delle onde d’urto nel contesto di elementi dentari sottoposti a forze ortodontiche, e in particolare in merito ai profili di espressione di alcune citochine infiammatorie e fattori di crescita, potrebbero potenzialmente essere trasferite in terapia parodontale. Significato clinico In questo momento, sulla base dei risultati disponibili, l’utilizzo delle onde d’urto come coadiuvanti per il trattamento parodontale od ortodontico è ancora lontano dall’essere raccomandato per la routine clinica, in quanto non sono chiari né i dosaggi né il numero di applicazioni ottimali. Inoltre, i meccanismi cellulari coinvolti e gli effetti provocati sono per ora lontani dall’essere compresi. Tuttavia, gli ipotetici campi di impiego e la ridotta invasività di questa tecnica potrebbero giustificare lo sviluppo di studi futuri.
Shock waves applications in dentistry : narrative review = Applicazioni delle onde d’urto in odontoiatria : revisione narrativa / P. Morandi, S. Corbella, N. Cavalli, L. Francetti. - In: DENTAL CADMOS. - ISSN 0011-8524. - 87:8(2019 Oct), pp. 478-486. [10.19256/d.cadmos.08.2019.04]
Shock waves applications in dentistry : narrative review = Applicazioni delle onde d’urto in odontoiatria : revisione narrativa
P. Morandi
;S. Corbella;N. Cavalli;L. Francetti
2019
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this narrative review of the literature is to collect and analyze the scientific evidence regarding the application of shock waves in odontostomatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A research was performed on electronic databases such as Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Cochrane library from January 1998 to January 2019. The inclusion criteria were: - - publication in English; - publication indexed on the main search engines; - in vitro or animal studies with representative samples and reproducible results; - studies on human (case series, prospective or retrospective) with a minimum number equal to or greater than 10, randomized case-control studies (RCT, randomized clinical trials), systematic reviews, metanalysis; - absence of conflicts of interest by the authors. At the end of the electronic research, all the titles were examined and all the selected abstracts were examined, and the selection of full-text articles was determined. Of the 138 articles in full text examined, 120 were excluded from the final analysis because one or more of the inclusion criteria listed above were not respected. In the various articles taken into consideration the effect of the ESWT was investigated in different dental specialties; in particular, this method has been associated with orthodontic therapy in order to speed up the timing and help the remodeling and stability of periodontal tissues in the realigned teeth. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although the exact biological effects of shock wave therapy for musculoskeletal disorders are not completely understood, current studies seem to indicate that ESWT may have a favorable influence on osteoblasts and their precursors. The shock waves would be able to stimulate the early expression of cytokines linked to osteogenesis favoring the growth and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells towards osteoprogenitors, thus contributing to bone regeneration processes. Studies on biochemistry have shown that ESWT is able to activate different genes, such as those involved in the synthesis of TGF-β1 and BMP-2, linked to osteogenesis; expression patterns of bone-related genes such as osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN) induced by shock waves have been seen to be similar to those responsible for periosteal callus formation during healing processes. At the same time, the evidence supporting the use of ESWT in periodontology and oral surgery is still extremely limited; nevertheless, numerous information obtained from the application of shock waves in the context of dental elements subjected to orthodontic forces, and in particular regarding the expression profiles of some inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, could potentially be transferred to periodontal therapy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE At this time, based on the available results, the use of shock waves as adjuvants for periodontal or orthodontic treatment is still far from being recommended for clinical routine, as neither dosages are clear nor the number of optimal applications. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms involved and the effects caused are far from being understood. However, hypothetical fields of use and reduced invasiveness could justify the development of future studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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