Procedural automation is certainly not a new topic of investigation for scholars working on administrative law. It has been studied by doctrine, and practiced by administrations, since the 1980s. Within this long-standing debate, the relevance of the present dissertation lies in the fact that the exponential development of technologies for automation (with the advent of Artificial Intelligence) has substantially expanded the areas where automated decision-making can be successfully implemented. Until ten or fifteen years ago the type of administrative activities in which officials could be replaced by a software were limited (and necessarily bound, considering that only deterministic algorithms were used). Nowadays, the large number of data in possession of the administrations, as well as the way in which they can be stored and above all analyzed, has led to the multiplication of the activities in which they can be used and the advantages that can be derived from them. In this work, an attempt is made to identify the correct systematic collocation of automated administrative decisions and of all the elements that constitute them, and to highlight the problems that recourse to such decisions can entail. In doing so, a unified treatment of these decisions is advocated, hence independently from the level of complexity of the technology used. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated to conceptualizing and to elaborating the normative and systematic framework of the matter. In the first place, it is necessary to identify and define the essential features of the digitalization of the Public Administration. The focus then shifts to the digitalization of the administrative procedure, which is a privileged place of investigation. In this respect, two are the main points of relevance. Firstly, one should identify those regulatory sources that allow (and in some cases limit) the recourse to automated decisions by the administration. Secondly, further investigation must also be conducted into the legal nature of the tools that allow automation, because this has important consequences in terms of the legitimacy of acts and the liability of officials. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the main legal problems posed by the introduction of automated public administrative decisions. A first hypothesis is that automation is not compatible with European principles and rules on public administration and with national sources on the administrative procedure. As will be extensively discussed, this preliminary hypothesis proves unwarranted. Instead, it is proposed that a more viable solution is to reconcile traditional procedural principles and legal tools (duty to give state reasons, participation) with decision-making automation. The final part of the work investigates the complex relationship between the transparency of the administrative activity and the intelligibility of automated decision-making. Here, a new analysis is proposed of both classical legal tools such as the right of access, and the way in which they are interpreted in those cases by case law, and of new instruments of protection provided ad hoc by the Legislator. The research takes a comparative view between the Italian and French systems. The comparative perspective is required by the scope of the investigation. The automated administrative decisions and their legal status remains rather unexplored. The intervention of the Legislator and the pronouncements of the jurisprudence on the subject have just begun to acknowledge the problem. For this reason, limiting oneself to the Italian experience would probably not have been sufficient for a complete understanding of the issue. In addition, as will be seen in the course of the work, the intervention of the European Union in the field of the digitalization of the Public Administration and algorithmic decisions is quite pervasive. Here, the comparison of the role that the EU had in two different Member States seems rather significant. The choice of France, however, is not accidental. First of all, the French Legislator has proved very sensitive to the need for intervention with regards to the new IT tools. It follows, that the study of new legislative instruments developed in this context is of paramount importance. In addition, the multiple affinities between the Italian and the French legal systems have eased the comparison of the performance of classical legal tools of administrative law, such as participation and the right of access (in the face of automation).
L’automazione procedimentale non è certo una materia di indagine nuova per gli studiosi di diritto amministrativo: è affrontata in dottrina – e praticata dalle amministrazioni – a partire dagli anni ’80. Ciò che rende però questa ricerca attuale è il fatto che l’evoluzione delle tecnologie che consentono l’automazione (con l’avvento dell’Intelligenza Artificiale e di tecnologie di Machine Learning) hanno stravolto e esponenzialmente ampliato i settori dove questa può essere messa in pratica. Se fino a dieci o quindici anni fa il tipo di attività amministrativa in cui il funzionario poteva essere sostituito da un software era ridotta e routinaria (nonché necessariamente vincolata, dato il fatto che venivano utilizzati solo algoritmi di tipo deterministico), l’ingente numero di dati in possesso delle amministrazioni, il modo in cui possono essere conservati e soprattutto analizzati ha comportato il moltiplicarsi delle attività in cui vi si può far ricorso e i vantaggi che ne possono conseguire. Nel corso di questo lavoro si è cercato quindi di identificare la giusta collocazione sistematica delle decisioni amministrative automatizzate (e di tutti gli elementi che le costituiscono), i problemi che in generale il ricorso a esse può comportare, trattandole unitariamente, indipendentemente quindi dal livello di complessità della tecnologia utilizzata. La prima parte è dedicata alla concettualizzazione e all’inquadramento normativo e sistematico della materia. È necessario, in primo luogo, identificare e definire i tratti essenziali della digitalizzazione della Pubblica Amministrazione. In un secondo momento ci si concentra invece sulla digitalizzazione del procedimento amministrativo, luogo di indagine privilegiato perché prodromico all’adozione della decisione. Si analizza quindi dove essa possa intervenire nel corso del procedimento, per arrivare poi al cuore del lavoro, ossia l’automazione decisionale. devono non solo essere individuate le fonti normative che consentono (e in alcuni casi limitano) il ricorso alle decisioni automatizzate da parte dell’amministrazione, ma si deve anche condurre una ulteriore indagine sulla natura giuridica dei strumenti che consentono l’automazione, perché ne derivano importanti conseguenze sul piano della legittimità degli atti e della responsabilità dei funzionari. La seconda parte, invece, si concentra sui principali problemi giuridici posti dall’introduzione di decisioni amministrative pubbliche automatizzate. Una prima ipotesi è che l’automazione non sia compatibile con i principi e le norme europee in materia di amministrazione pubblica, nonché con le fonti nazionali sul procedimento: secondo questa ricostruzione – poi esclusa – l’automazione decisionale non sarebbe ammissibile. Esclusa questa prima ipotesi, ci si concentra su come conciliare principi e istituti procedimentali tradizionali (l’obbligo di motivazione, la partecipazione) con l’automazione decisionale. La parte finale del lavoro indaga il complesso rapporto fra trasparenza dell’attività amministrativa e intellegibilità della decisione automatizzata, analizzando istituti classici come il diritto d’accesso – e il modo in cui vengono interpretati nei casi di specie dalla giurisprudenza – e nuovi strumenti di tutela previsti ad hoc dal Legislatore. La ricerca è stata condotta portando avanti una comparazione fra il sistema italiano e quello francese. Questo per due ordini di ragioni: il primo luogo perché l’ambito di indagine, vale a dire le decisioni amministrative automatizzate e il loro regime giuridico, è un piuttosto inesplorato; l’intervento del Legislatore e le pronunce della giurisprudenza in materia hanno appena cominciato ad addentrarvisi. Per questo limitarsi all’esperienza italiana sarebbe parso probabilmente non sufficiente per una completa ricognizione. In più, come si vedrà nel corso del lavoro, l’intervento dell’Unione Europea in materia di digitalizzazione della Pubblica Amministrazione e di decisioni algoritmiche è piuttosto esteso: in quest’ottica il confronto sulle conseguenze che le politiche europee hanno avuto in due diversi Stati Membri appare piuttosto significativo. La scelta della Francia non è però casuale: in primo luogo il Legislatore francese si è mostrato molto recettivo a fronte delle necessità di intervento richiesto dai nuovi strumenti informatici – e lo studio della normativa di riferimento si è rivelato di conseguenza molto importante – ma inoltre le molteplici affinità fra i due sistemi giuridici hanno reso l’analisi della tenuta di istituti classici del diritto amministrativo come l’obbligo di motivazione, o il diritto di accesso (a fronte dell’automazione) assai più agile.
PROCEDIMENTO AMMINISTRATIVO E AUTOMAZIONE: PROBLEMI E PROSPETTIVE, ANCHE ALLA LUCE DI UN'ANALISI COMPARATA ITALIA-FRANCIA /PROCÉDURE ADMINISTRATIVE ET AUTOMATISATION : PROBLÈMES ET PERSPECTIVES, À LA LUMIÈRE AUSSI D'UNE ANALYSE COMPARATIVE ITALIE-FRANCE / G. Pinotti ; tutor: D. U. Galetta, D. Capitant (Paris I) ; coordinatore dottorato: D. U. Galetta. Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020 Jan 22. 32. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019. [10.13130/pinotti-giulia_phd2020-01-22].
PROCEDIMENTO AMMINISTRATIVO E AUTOMAZIONE: PROBLEMI E PROSPETTIVE, ANCHE ALLA LUCE DI UN'ANALISI COMPARATA ITALIA-FRANCIA /PROCÉDURE ADMINISTRATIVE ET AUTOMATISATION : PROBLÈMES ET PERSPECTIVES, À LA LUMIÈRE AUSSI D'UNE ANALYSE COMPARATIVE ITALIE-FRANCE
G. Pinotti
2020
Abstract
Procedural automation is certainly not a new topic of investigation for scholars working on administrative law. It has been studied by doctrine, and practiced by administrations, since the 1980s. Within this long-standing debate, the relevance of the present dissertation lies in the fact that the exponential development of technologies for automation (with the advent of Artificial Intelligence) has substantially expanded the areas where automated decision-making can be successfully implemented. Until ten or fifteen years ago the type of administrative activities in which officials could be replaced by a software were limited (and necessarily bound, considering that only deterministic algorithms were used). Nowadays, the large number of data in possession of the administrations, as well as the way in which they can be stored and above all analyzed, has led to the multiplication of the activities in which they can be used and the advantages that can be derived from them. In this work, an attempt is made to identify the correct systematic collocation of automated administrative decisions and of all the elements that constitute them, and to highlight the problems that recourse to such decisions can entail. In doing so, a unified treatment of these decisions is advocated, hence independently from the level of complexity of the technology used. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated to conceptualizing and to elaborating the normative and systematic framework of the matter. In the first place, it is necessary to identify and define the essential features of the digitalization of the Public Administration. The focus then shifts to the digitalization of the administrative procedure, which is a privileged place of investigation. In this respect, two are the main points of relevance. Firstly, one should identify those regulatory sources that allow (and in some cases limit) the recourse to automated decisions by the administration. Secondly, further investigation must also be conducted into the legal nature of the tools that allow automation, because this has important consequences in terms of the legitimacy of acts and the liability of officials. The second part of the dissertation focuses on the main legal problems posed by the introduction of automated public administrative decisions. A first hypothesis is that automation is not compatible with European principles and rules on public administration and with national sources on the administrative procedure. As will be extensively discussed, this preliminary hypothesis proves unwarranted. Instead, it is proposed that a more viable solution is to reconcile traditional procedural principles and legal tools (duty to give state reasons, participation) with decision-making automation. The final part of the work investigates the complex relationship between the transparency of the administrative activity and the intelligibility of automated decision-making. Here, a new analysis is proposed of both classical legal tools such as the right of access, and the way in which they are interpreted in those cases by case law, and of new instruments of protection provided ad hoc by the Legislator. The research takes a comparative view between the Italian and French systems. The comparative perspective is required by the scope of the investigation. The automated administrative decisions and their legal status remains rather unexplored. The intervention of the Legislator and the pronouncements of the jurisprudence on the subject have just begun to acknowledge the problem. For this reason, limiting oneself to the Italian experience would probably not have been sufficient for a complete understanding of the issue. In addition, as will be seen in the course of the work, the intervention of the European Union in the field of the digitalization of the Public Administration and algorithmic decisions is quite pervasive. Here, the comparison of the role that the EU had in two different Member States seems rather significant. The choice of France, however, is not accidental. First of all, the French Legislator has proved very sensitive to the need for intervention with regards to the new IT tools. It follows, that the study of new legislative instruments developed in this context is of paramount importance. In addition, the multiple affinities between the Italian and the French legal systems have eased the comparison of the performance of classical legal tools of administrative law, such as participation and the right of access (in the face of automation).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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