Late sowing of Phacelia tanacetifolia to favour wintering in Apis mellifera in Northern Italy

In a period characterized by great losses of Apis mellifera L. colonies, it is necessary to provide sources of nectar in areas where nectariferous plants are few in the pre-wintering period. The research has been focused on the observation of honeybee activity from September to late October on flowers of Phacelia tanacetifoliia intentionally sown in July. Results of flying activity in relation to temperature, blossoming period, and nectar foraging are reported.