Metal-free Doped Carbons for Electroanalytical Sensors

In this chapter, a quick excursus of metal-free doped carbon materials for the modification of electrodes to be used in electroanalytical sensors has been made. After a brief introduction to the different methods available for modified electrode preparation, the most used carbonaceous materials doped with heteroatoms (B, N, O, P, S) have been considered: carbon paste and ordered carbons, glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond and amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The effect of the presence of metals, graphitic and amorphous carbon impurities, which is not completely avoidable when considering these materials, has also been discussed.