Real-time Intraoperative Fluorescent Lymphography : a New Technique for Lymphatic Sparing Surgery

Background Many surgical procedures can produce persistent lymphorrhea, lymphoceles, and lymphedema after lymph node and lymph vessel damage. Appropriate visualization of the lymphatic system is challenging. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a well-known nontoxic dye for lymphatic flow evaluation. ICG fluorescence-guided lymphography has emerged as a promising technique for intraoperative lymphatic mapping. Objective Our goal was to develop a high spatial resolution, real-time intraoperative imaging technique to avoid or recognize early deep lymphatic vessel damage. Methods We intraoperatively performed ICG fluorescence-guided lymphography during a kidney transplant. ICG was injected in the subcutaneous tissue of the patient's groin in the Scarpa's triangle. A dedicated laparoscopic high-definition camera system was used. Results Soon after ICG injection, the lymphatic vessels were identified in the abdominal retroperitoneal compartment as fluorescent linear structures running side by side to the iliac vessels. Surgical dissection was therefore performed, avoiding iatrogenic damage to major lymphatic structures. Another ICG injection at the end of the procedure confirmed that the lymphatic vessels were intact without lymph spread. Conclusions Intraoperative lymphatic mapping with an ICG fluorescence-sensitive camera system is a safe and feasible procedure. ICG real-time fluorescence lymphography can be used to avoid or recognize early deep lymphatic vessel damage and reduce postoperative complications related to the lymphatic system.