During the 20th century, expert pathologists contributed an in-depth characterisation of the anatomical pathology and associated pathophysiology of congenital heart disease (CHD). Starting in the 1970s, the reported CHD birth prevalence has been increasing, owing to advances in diagnostic methods. Over the years, surgical treatments have been associated with an enormous reduction of CHD mortality. Advances also have been made in understanding the developmental biology and molecular pathogenesis of CHD. In developed countries, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent form of death during the first year of life, with a death rate of 0.42 every 1000 births. Unexpected stillbirth has a six- to eightfold greater incidence than that of SIDS and remains unexplained in 40-80% of cases even after autopsy. Specific environmental risk factors, such as maternal smoking, air and water pollution, food contamination, pesticides, etc, can interact with the genetic constitution in complex ways, which may lead to polymorphisms and/or mutations of specific genes, such as polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT, the regulator of the synaptic serotonin concentration. Current directions of research in this area are reviewed.
Nel corso del 20° secolo, anatomo-patologi esperti hanno contribuito ad una caratterizzazione approfondita dell’anatomia patologica e fisiopatologia associate alle cardiopatie congenite (CHD). A partire dagli anni ‘70, la prevalenza riportata di CHD alla nascita è aumentata, in seguito ai progressi delle metodologie diagnostiche. Nel corso degli anni, i trattamenti chirurgici si sono associati ad una notevole riduzione della mortalità da CHD. I progressi sono dovuti anche alle aumentate conoscenze sulla biologia evolutiva e sulla patogenesi molecolare delle CHD. Nei paesi sviluppati, la sindrome della morte improvvisa del lattante (SIDS) è la forma più frequente di morte nel primo anno di vita, con un tasso di mortalità dello 0.42 ogni 1000 nascite. La morte inaspettata fetale ha una incidenza 6-8 volte maggiore rispetto a quella della SIDS e rimane inspiegabile nel 40-80% dei casi, anche dopo autopsia. Gli specifici fattori di rischio ambientali, come il fumo materno, l’inquinamento dell'aria e dell'acqua, la contaminazione degli alimenti, i pesticidi, ecc., possono interagire con la costituzione genetica in modo complesso, e possono portare a polimorfismi e/o a mutazioni di geni specifici, come polimorfismi nel gene trasportatore della serotonina, 5-HTT, il regolatore della concentrazione di serotonina sinaptica. Vengono esaminati gli sviluppi attuali di ricerca in questo settore.
Update on congenital heart disease and sudden infant/perinatal death : from history to future trends / G. Ottaviani, L.M. Buja. - In: JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY. - ISSN 0021-9746. - 70:7(2017 Jul 01), pp. 555-562. [10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204326]
Update on congenital heart disease and sudden infant/perinatal death : from history to future trends
G. Ottaviani
Primo
Conceptualization
;
2017
Abstract
During the 20th century, expert pathologists contributed an in-depth characterisation of the anatomical pathology and associated pathophysiology of congenital heart disease (CHD). Starting in the 1970s, the reported CHD birth prevalence has been increasing, owing to advances in diagnostic methods. Over the years, surgical treatments have been associated with an enormous reduction of CHD mortality. Advances also have been made in understanding the developmental biology and molecular pathogenesis of CHD. In developed countries, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent form of death during the first year of life, with a death rate of 0.42 every 1000 births. Unexpected stillbirth has a six- to eightfold greater incidence than that of SIDS and remains unexplained in 40-80% of cases even after autopsy. Specific environmental risk factors, such as maternal smoking, air and water pollution, food contamination, pesticides, etc, can interact with the genetic constitution in complex ways, which may lead to polymorphisms and/or mutations of specific genes, such as polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT, the regulator of the synaptic serotonin concentration. Current directions of research in this area are reviewed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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