Introduction The isolated finding of a positive antiphospholipid (aPLs) antibody test in the absence of clinical manifestations is more frequent than the prevalence of the aPLs syndrome. However, the exact prevalence of those antibodies in the general population is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aPLs in the general population as well as to investigate the possible association between the presence of the antibodies, risk factors and cardiovascular (CV) events. The study was conducted on 1712 adult subjects who had known risk factors and CV events. The levels of anti-cardiolipin (aCL), anti-Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (aBeta 2GP1) and anti- phosphatidylserine- prothrombin (aSP) antibodies were measured by ELISA. Patients and methods. This cross sectional study was conducted on the CA.ME.LI.A (Cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, liver diseases and autoimmune disease) population. The CA.ME.LI.A project began in 2009 and included a total of 3546 subjects between 18 and 75 years of age. Each subject underwent a thorough medical history evaluation, physical examination and an abdominal ultrasound. Venous blood samples were obtained from each participant. From this large population, 1712 subjects were randomly selected and their aPLs levels were measured. In addition, a third of those subjects underwent an Echo color- Doppler study of the carotid arteries which was performed by 3 operators in an operator-blinded fashion. The Framingham Risk Score was calculated and the intima media thickness (IMT) was assessed. The CV events which were taken into consideration were acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and peripheral arterial disease. Results The prevalence of aPLs in the general population was 15.1%, increased with age and reached up to 21.3% in the older population. However, no differences were found based on gender. The subjects that were found to have positive aPLs levels were significantly older and affected by hypertension. A significant association was found between aPLs, age and homocysteine levels in both genders. However, a significant association with hypertension was found only in women whereas a significant association with hypercholesterolemia was found only in men. Analyzing the Framingham Risk Score, positivity for aPLs was associated with a higher 10 year risk, although non-significant. Furthermore, high IgM titers of all aPLs was significantly associated with a higher Framingham Risk Score (table 4). In subjects with positive aPLs levels, the frequency of atherosclerotic plaques and the mean IMT were, on average, higher with respect to the aPLs negative population. Cardiovascular events were more frequent in positive subjects although significant only with regards to peripheral arterial disease. Conclusions The prevalence of aPLs is relatively higher in older individuals and increases with age. The vast majority of positive subjects do not develop CV events but do show an increased IMT and have a double fold increased CV risk compared with negative subjects.
PREVALENZA DEGLI ANTICORPI ANTIFOSFOLIPIDI NELLA POPOLAZIONE GENERALE E ASSOCIAZIONE CON FATTORI DI RISCHIO ED EVENTI CARDIOVASCOLARI Introduzione La sindrome da anticorpi anti fosfolipidi (APS) rappresenta la più comune causa di ipercoagulabilità acquisita, con una prevalenza di 40-50/100.000 nella popolazione generale. La patogenesi delle manifestazioni cliniche sembra essere il risultato dell’effetto degli anticorpi anti-fosfolipidi (aPL) sulla cascata della coagulazione. Gli aPL sono un gruppo eterogeneo di autoanticorpi diretti contro i fosfolipidi, le proteine leganti i fosfolipidi e i complessi fosfolipide-proteina. I principali aPL attualmente riconosciuti sono gli anticorpi anticardiolipina (aCL), gli anticorpi anti-Beta2-glicoproteina I (anti- Beta2-GPI) e il lupus anticoagulant (LAC). L’esatta prevalenza degli anticorpi nella popolazione generale non è nota. Inoltre, mentre è ben conosciuta la correlazione tra la APS e le malattie tromboemboliche venose poco si sa al momento sul ruolo che il riscontro isolato degli anticorpi ha nelle malattie cardiovascolari, in particolare sul processo di aterosclerosi. Obiettivi Lo scopo di questo studio è di determinare la prevalenza degli aPL nella popolazione generale e di indagare la possibile associazione tra tali anticorpi, i fattori di rischio e gli eventi cardiovascolari. Materiali e metodi È stato condotto uno studio trasversale sulla popolazione del precedente studio CA.ME.LI.A (cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, liver diseases, autoimmune diseases). Lo studio CA.ME.LI.A è stato condotto su un campione random estrapolato dalle liste elettorali della popolazione di Abbiategrasso (comune lombardo di 32.000 abitanti). Nel progetto CA.ME.LI.A, iniziato nel 2009, sono stati arruolati 3.546 soggetti di età compresa tra 18 e 75 anni. Questi soggetti sono stati sottoposti ad anamnesi, visita medica, prelievo ematico, ecografia dell’addome e circa un terzo a ecografia color Doppler delle carotidi da tre operatori in cieco. Un campione random di 1712 è stato sottoposto al dosaggio degli aPL. Sono stati presi in considerazione i seguenti parametri: spessore miointimale mean-max (IMT mean-max), diametro interadventitia della carotide comune medio tra carotide destra e sinistra (ICCAD) e presenza di placche aterosclerotiche (definite con IMT > 1,5 cm). Risultati La prevalenza della APS è di circa 40-50 casi su 100.000 soggetti adulti. Nel nostro studio è stata riscontrata una prevalenza degli aPL del 15%. La prevalenza degli aPL, considerati solo aCl e aGPI è di circa il 5.5%, nettamente maggiore rispetto alla prevalenza della APS. Il nostro lavoro inoltre suggerisce che gli aPL possono rappresentare un fattore di rischio indipendente per le malattie CV. Gli aPL sono infatti associati in modo significativo, e indipendente dagli altri FR, con l’ICCAD, soprattutto nelle donne in età fertile e negli uomini anziani, e con la presenza di placche aterosclerotiche, soprattutto nei maschi giovani. L’IMT è risultato in media più elevato nei soggetti positivi, sebbene non in modo significativo. L’associazione con gli eventi CV è risultata significativa esclusivamente per la presenza di arteriopatia periferica nelle donne in età post-menopausale. Il nostro studio infine suggerisce che nei soggetti con Framingham Risk Score > 20 la positività degli aPL raddoppia il rischio di malattia CV. Conclusioni La prevalenza degli aPL è relativamente elevata e aumenta con l’età. La maggior parte dei soggetti positivi non sviluppa eventi CV, ma presenta un aumentato IMT e ICCAD, oltre a un’aumentata prevalenza di placche aterosclerotiche. Infine la positività di aPL si associa a un’aumentata prevalenza di arteriopatia periferica nelle donne in età post-menopausale.
Prevalenza e valore preditivo di anticorpi non organo-specifici nella popolazione generale e associazione con fattori di rischio ed eventi cardiovascolari / M.i.s. Achenza ; relatore: C. Selmi. Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016 Jul 19. 28. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2016. [10.13130/m-i-s-achenza_phd2016-07-19].
Prevalenza e valore preditivo di anticorpi non organo-specifici nella popolazione generale e associazione con fattori di rischio ed eventi cardiovascolari.
M.I.S. Achenza
2016
Abstract
Introduction The isolated finding of a positive antiphospholipid (aPLs) antibody test in the absence of clinical manifestations is more frequent than the prevalence of the aPLs syndrome. However, the exact prevalence of those antibodies in the general population is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aPLs in the general population as well as to investigate the possible association between the presence of the antibodies, risk factors and cardiovascular (CV) events. The study was conducted on 1712 adult subjects who had known risk factors and CV events. The levels of anti-cardiolipin (aCL), anti-Beta-2 Glycoprotein 1 (aBeta 2GP1) and anti- phosphatidylserine- prothrombin (aSP) antibodies were measured by ELISA. Patients and methods. This cross sectional study was conducted on the CA.ME.LI.A (Cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, liver diseases and autoimmune disease) population. The CA.ME.LI.A project began in 2009 and included a total of 3546 subjects between 18 and 75 years of age. Each subject underwent a thorough medical history evaluation, physical examination and an abdominal ultrasound. Venous blood samples were obtained from each participant. From this large population, 1712 subjects were randomly selected and their aPLs levels were measured. In addition, a third of those subjects underwent an Echo color- Doppler study of the carotid arteries which was performed by 3 operators in an operator-blinded fashion. The Framingham Risk Score was calculated and the intima media thickness (IMT) was assessed. The CV events which were taken into consideration were acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and peripheral arterial disease. Results The prevalence of aPLs in the general population was 15.1%, increased with age and reached up to 21.3% in the older population. However, no differences were found based on gender. The subjects that were found to have positive aPLs levels were significantly older and affected by hypertension. A significant association was found between aPLs, age and homocysteine levels in both genders. However, a significant association with hypertension was found only in women whereas a significant association with hypercholesterolemia was found only in men. Analyzing the Framingham Risk Score, positivity for aPLs was associated with a higher 10 year risk, although non-significant. Furthermore, high IgM titers of all aPLs was significantly associated with a higher Framingham Risk Score (table 4). In subjects with positive aPLs levels, the frequency of atherosclerotic plaques and the mean IMT were, on average, higher with respect to the aPLs negative population. Cardiovascular events were more frequent in positive subjects although significant only with regards to peripheral arterial disease. Conclusions The prevalence of aPLs is relatively higher in older individuals and increases with age. The vast majority of positive subjects do not develop CV events but do show an increased IMT and have a double fold increased CV risk compared with negative subjects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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