After 9/11 many scholars—political philosophers, political scientists, experts in constitutional law—have focused on the issue of emergency powers in contemporary constitutional democracies. In doing so, they have reassessed the various institutions and magistracies that the Western tradition has turned to at various times in order to deal with emergencies, starting with the Roman magistracy of dictatorship. An obligatory stage in this excavation has been that of studying those thinkers who have theorized how properly functioning republics might need to make provision for the magistracy of dictatorship, starting with Machiavelli and Rousseau. In this problematic context, the essay examines Machiavelli's theory of dictatorship. Machiavelli emphasizes that when republics run into "extraordinary accidents", and have to face "urgent dangers", that is, when they find themselves in what we might therefore call emergency situations, it is not necessary to resort to "extraordinary ways", but to "ordinary ways". The first of these ordinary ways is dictatorship. For Machiavelli, dictatorship is a perfectly legal magistracy, with precise temporal and constitutional limits. Already in the constitutional system of the Roman republic, dictatorship was conceptually opposed to tyranny: dictatorship is the magistracy that, in an emergency situation, aims to preserve the republic and its freedom, and to prevent the fall into tyranny. Machiavelli's gaze, as always, is cast both on the Ancient and the Modern world: although he concentrates on the Roman magistracy, he also pays attention to magistracies of the modern world that were in some way similar to it, such as the Council of the Ten in the Republic of Venice. Machiavelli is convinced that the republics of the modern world should have magistracies similar to the Roman dictatorship or the Venetian Council of the Ten, in order to deal with emergencies. Machiavelli's theory of "ordinary ways" to cope with emergency situations had wide success among modern thinkers; in the last part of the essay, the way in which a series of authors, from Harrington to Rousseau, from Spinoza to Hume, take up and reformulate Machiavelli's theses, is thus analysed.
Dopo l'11 settembre molti studiosi - filosofi della politica, politologi, esperti di diritto costituzionale - si sono concentrati sulla questione dei poteri di emergenza nelle democrazie costituzionali contemporanee. Nel farlo, hanno riconsiderato le varie istituzioni e magistrature che la tradizione occidentale ha via via considerato necessarie per affrontare le emergenze, a partire dalla magistratura romana della dittatura. Una tappa obbligata di questo scavo è stato lo studio di quei pensatori, a partire da Machiavelli e Rousseau, che hanno teorizzato come le repubbliche ben funzionanti debbano prevedere la magistratura della dittatura. In questo contesto problematico, il saggio esamina la teoria della dittatura di Machiavelli. Machiavelli sottolinea che quando le repubbliche incorrono in "accidenti straordinari", e devono affrontare "urgenti pericoli", cioè quando si trovano in quelle che potremmo quindi chiamare situazioni di emergenza, non è necessario ricorrere a "modi straordinari", ma a "modi ordinari". Il primo di questi modi ordinari è la dittatura. Per Machiavelli, la dittatura è una magistratura perfettamente legale, con precisi limiti temporali e costituzionali. Già nel sistema costituzionale della repubblica romana, la dittatura era concettualmente opposta alla tirannide: la dittatura è la magistratura che, in una situazione di emergenza, mira a preservare la repubblica e la sua libertà, e a impedire la caduta nella tirannide. Lo sguardo di Machiavelli, come sempre, è rivolto sia al mondo antico che a quello moderno: sebbene si concentri sulla magistratura romana, presta attenzione anche alle magistrature del mondo moderno che le erano in qualche modo simili, come il Consiglio dei Dieci nella Repubblica di Venezia. Machiavelli è convinto che le repubbliche del mondo moderno debbano avere magistrature simili alla dittatura romana o al Consiglio dei Dieci veneziano, per affrontare le emergenze. La teoria di Machiavelli dei "modi ordinari" per far fronte alle situazioni di emergenza ha avuto un ampio successo tra i pensatori moderni; nell'ultima parte del saggio viene così analizzato il modo in cui una serie di autori, da Harrington a Rousseau, da Spinoza a Hume, riprendono e riformulano le tesi machiavelliane.
Extraordinary Accidents in the Life of Republics: Machiavelli and Dictatorial Authority / M. Geuna - In: Machiavelli on Liberty and Conflict / [a cura di] D. Johnston, N. Urbinati, C. Vergara. - Prima edizione. - Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2017. - ISBN 9780226429304. - pp. 280-306 (( convegno Liberty and Conflict : Machiavelli on Politics and Power Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America tenutosi a New York nel 2013.
Extraordinary Accidents in the Life of Republics: Machiavelli and Dictatorial Authority
M. GeunaPrimo
2017
Abstract
After 9/11 many scholars—political philosophers, political scientists, experts in constitutional law—have focused on the issue of emergency powers in contemporary constitutional democracies. In doing so, they have reassessed the various institutions and magistracies that the Western tradition has turned to at various times in order to deal with emergencies, starting with the Roman magistracy of dictatorship. An obligatory stage in this excavation has been that of studying those thinkers who have theorized how properly functioning republics might need to make provision for the magistracy of dictatorship, starting with Machiavelli and Rousseau. In this problematic context, the essay examines Machiavelli's theory of dictatorship. Machiavelli emphasizes that when republics run into "extraordinary accidents", and have to face "urgent dangers", that is, when they find themselves in what we might therefore call emergency situations, it is not necessary to resort to "extraordinary ways", but to "ordinary ways". The first of these ordinary ways is dictatorship. For Machiavelli, dictatorship is a perfectly legal magistracy, with precise temporal and constitutional limits. Already in the constitutional system of the Roman republic, dictatorship was conceptually opposed to tyranny: dictatorship is the magistracy that, in an emergency situation, aims to preserve the republic and its freedom, and to prevent the fall into tyranny. Machiavelli's gaze, as always, is cast both on the Ancient and the Modern world: although he concentrates on the Roman magistracy, he also pays attention to magistracies of the modern world that were in some way similar to it, such as the Council of the Ten in the Republic of Venice. Machiavelli is convinced that the republics of the modern world should have magistracies similar to the Roman dictatorship or the Venetian Council of the Ten, in order to deal with emergencies. Machiavelli's theory of "ordinary ways" to cope with emergency situations had wide success among modern thinkers; in the last part of the essay, the way in which a series of authors, from Harrington to Rousseau, from Spinoza to Hume, take up and reformulate Machiavelli's theses, is thus analysed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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