Fixed-point elimination in the Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus

It is a consequence of existing literature that least and greatest fixed-points of monotone polynomials on Heyting algebras—that is, the algebraic models of the Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus—always exist, even when these algebras are not complete as lattices. The reason is that these extremal fixed-points are definable by formulas of the IPC. Consequently, the μμ-calculus based on intuitionistic logic is trivial, every μμ-formula being equivalent to a fixed-point free formula. We give in this paper an axiomatization of least and greatest fixed-points of formulas, and an algorithm to compute a fixed-point free formula equivalent to a given μμ-formula. The axiomatization of the greatest fixed-pointis simple. The axiomatization of the least fixed-pointis more complex, in particular every monotone formula converges to its least fixed-pointby Kleene’s iteration in a finite number of steps, but there is no uniform upper bound on the number of iterations. We extract, out of the algorithm, upper bounds for such n, depending on the size of the formula. For some formulas, we show that these upper bounds are polynomial and optimal.