Enzymatic oxidation of NADP+ to its 4-oxo derivative is a side-reaction displayed only by the adrenodoxin reductase type of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases

We have previously shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis FprA, an NADPH-ferredoxin reductase homologous to mammalian adrenodoxin reductase, promotes the oxidation of NADP(+) to its 4-oxo derivative 3-carboxamide-4-pyridone adenine dinucleotide phosphate [Bossi RT, Aliverti A, Raimondi D, Fischer F, Zanetti G, Ferrari D, Tahallah N, Maier CS, Heck AJ, Rizzi M et al. (2002) Biochemistry41, 8807-8818]. Here, we provide a detailed study of this unusual enzyme reaction, showing that it occurs at a very slow rate (0.14 h(-1)), requires the participation of the enzyme-bound FAD, and is regiospecific in affecting only the C4 of the NADP nicotinamide ring. By protein engineering, we excluded the involvement in catalysis of residues Glu214 and His57, previously suggested to be implicated on the basis of their localization in the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme. Our results substantiate a catalytic mechanism for 3-carboxamide-4-pyridone adenine dinucleotide phosphate formation in which the initial and rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack of the nicotinamide moiety by an active site water molecule. Whereas plant-type ferredoxin reductases were unable to oxidize NADP(+), the mammalian adrenodoxin reductase also catalyzed this unusual reaction. Thus, the 3-carboxamide-4-pyridone adenine dinucleotide phosphate formation reaction seems to be a peculiar feature of the mitochondrial type of ferredoxin reductases, possibly reflecting conserved properties of their active sites. Furthermore, we showed that 3-carboxamide-4-pyridone adenine dinucleotide phosphate is good ligand and a competitive inhibitor of various dehydrogenases, making this nucleotide analog a useful tool for the characterization of the cosubstrate-binding site of NADPH-dependent enzymes.