Abstract Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections / C.G. Molteni, N. Principi, S. Esposito. - In: FREE RADICAL RESEARCH. - ISSN 1071-5762. - 48:10(2014 Oct), pp. 1163-1169.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections

C.G. Molteni
Primo
;
N. Principi
Secondo
;
S. Esposito
Ultimo
2014

Abstract

Abstract Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many pathological consequences. Low concentrations of radicals can promote viral replication; however high concentrations of radicals can also inhibit viral replication and are detrimental to the cell due to their mitogenic activity. We reviewed the detailed mechanisms behind oxygen and nitrogen radical production and focused on how viruses induce radical production. In addition, we examined the effects of oxygen and nitrogen radicals on both the virus and host. We also reviewed enzymatic and chemical detoxification mechanisms and recent advances in therapeutic antioxidant applications. Many molecules that modulate the redox balance have yielded promising results in cell and animal models of infection. This encourages their use in clinical practice either alone or with existing therapies. However, since the redox balance also plays an important role in host defence against pathogens, carefully designed clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic benefits and secondary effects of these molecules and whether these effects differ between different types of viral infections.
antioxidant ; inducible nitric oxide synthase ; nitric oxide ; oxidation ; reactive oxygen species
Settore MED/38 - Pediatria Generale e Specialistica
ott-2014
Article (author)
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during viral infections.pdf

accesso riservato

Tipologia: Publisher's version/PDF
Dimensione 396 kB
Formato Adobe PDF
396 kB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia
Pubblicazioni consigliate

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/238500
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? 29
  • Scopus 54
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 50
social impact