The sexual dimorphism in three-dimensional facial form (size plus shape) was investigated in a sample of 40 men and 36 women by using Euclidean-distance matrix analysis. Subjects ranged in age from 19 to 32 years, had excellent dentitions, and had no craniocervical disorders. For each subject, 16 facial landmarks were automatically collected using a computerized system consisting of two infrared CCD cameras, real-time hardware for the recognition of markers, and software for the three-dimensional reconstruction of landmarks' x, y, z coordinates. Euclidean-distance matrix analysis confirmed the well-known size difference between adult male and female faces (men's faces being 6% to 7% larger than women's faces), while it demonstrated no significant gender differences in three-dimensional facial shape. This result contrasted with the shape differences previously found when separate two-dimensional frontal and sagittal plane projections were analyzed. It could be explained by a relative three-dimensional compensation between the different facial dimensions.
A three-dimensional study of sexual dimorphism in the human face / F.V. Ferrario, C. Sforza, C.E. Poggio, G. Serrao, A. Miani. - In: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADULT ORTHODONTICS AND ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY. - ISSN 0742-1931. - 9:4(1994), pp. 303-310.
A three-dimensional study of sexual dimorphism in the human face
C. Sforza;A. Miani
1994
Abstract
The sexual dimorphism in three-dimensional facial form (size plus shape) was investigated in a sample of 40 men and 36 women by using Euclidean-distance matrix analysis. Subjects ranged in age from 19 to 32 years, had excellent dentitions, and had no craniocervical disorders. For each subject, 16 facial landmarks were automatically collected using a computerized system consisting of two infrared CCD cameras, real-time hardware for the recognition of markers, and software for the three-dimensional reconstruction of landmarks' x, y, z coordinates. Euclidean-distance matrix analysis confirmed the well-known size difference between adult male and female faces (men's faces being 6% to 7% larger than women's faces), while it demonstrated no significant gender differences in three-dimensional facial shape. This result contrasted with the shape differences previously found when separate two-dimensional frontal and sagittal plane projections were analyzed. It could be explained by a relative three-dimensional compensation between the different facial dimensions.Pubblicazioni consigliate
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