Clinical implications of oral piercing: A literature review of local and systemic complications

Oral piercings have become increasingly popular in recent decades, particularly among adolescents and young adults, representing a widespread form of body modification. Although often considered an aesthetic practice, primarily the insertion of jewelry into the oral cavity may be associated with several local and systemic complications relevant to dental professionals. This literature review aimed to evaluate and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the clinical implications of oral piercings and their associated complications. A literature search of major electronic databases was conducted to identify clinical investigations, observational studies, case series, and case reports reporting local or systemic complications associated with oral and perioral piercings. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study design, patient populations, types of piercings, and reported outcomes, a qualitative synthesis of the evidence was performed. The literature consistently reports a wide range of complications. Frequently described local effects include gingival recession, enamel wear, tooth fractures, mucosal trauma, periodontal changes, bleeding, swelling, and localized infections. Systemic complications, although less common, include bacteremia, infective endocarditis, allergic reactions, and potential transmission of infectious diseases, particularly in susceptible patients. These findings highlight the potential risks associated with oral piercings and underscore the importance of awareness among dental practitioners. In conclusion, oral piercings may be associated with an increased risk for both oral and systemic health, and dentists play a crucial role in prevention, early diagnosis, patient education, and management of related complications.