This research analyses, from a historical, systematic and constitutional perspective, the evolution of the Italian welfare model in light of the progressive legal and constitutional recognition of the Third Sector. It examines whether this process has affected not only the organisation of social services, but also the very configuration of the general interest and social rights within the Italian constitutional order. The underlying hypothesis is that the ongoing transformation cannot be explained solely by the financial crisis of the twentieth-century welfare state, but reflects a deeper redefinition of the relationship between the State and society. Whereas, within the state centred paradigm of the post-war period, the general interest largely coincided with direct intervention by the public authorities, in the contemporary constitutional framework it increasingly tends to emerge as the outcome of a collaborative process in which public institutions and social organisations contribute to the achievement of substantive equality. The study reconstructs the historical roots of Italy’s solidarity-based pluralism, from nineteenth-century mutual aid movements to the post-war expansion of social security, and subsequently to the crisis of the state-centred model and the reform of the Third Sector introduced by Legislative Decree No. 117 of 2017. Particular attention is devoted to the principle of horizontal subsidiarity under Article 118, fourth paragraph, of the Constitution, interpreted in conjunction with Articles 2 and 3 as a principle governing relations between public administrations and Third Sector organisations. The analysis of constitutional case law, beginning with Judgment No. 131 of 2020 and continuing with the subsequent decisions, reveals the emergence of a collaborative welfare model grounded in subsidiarity, in which organised solidarity acquires constitutional significance. From this perspective, the involvement of the Third Sector extends beyond a merely organisational dimension and contributes to reshaping the structure of social rights and redefining the general interest as the outcome of a collaborative process in which the State and civil society share responsibility for promoting substantive equality. This development must also be situated within a broader European framework, characterised by the progressive recognition of the social economy as a structural component of European Union policies. The European Action Plan for the Social Economy and the 2023 Council Recommendation demonstrate the gradual integration of the competition-based approach with a paradigm that places greater emphasis on solidarity, cooperation and the distinctive characteristics of social economy organisations, thereby guiding the legal order towards the recognition of such organisations as essential actors in promoting social cohesion and sustainable development.
La ricerca analizza, in prospettiva storico-sistematica e costituzionale, l’evoluzione del modello italiano di welfare alla luce del progressivo riconoscimento giuridico e costituzionale del Terzo settore, verificando se tale processo abbia inciso non soltanto sull’organizzazione dei servizi sociali, ma sulla configurazione stessa dell’interesse generale e dei diritti sociali nell’ordinamento repubblicano. L’ipotesi di fondo è che la trasformazione in atto non sia riconducibile soltanto alla crisi finanziaria dello Stato sociale novecentesco, bensì esprima una ridefinizione più profonda del rapporto tra Stato e società. Se nel paradigma statalista del secondo dopoguerra l’interesse generale coincideva prevalentemente con l’intervento diretto dell’apparato pubblico, nel quadro costituzionale contemporaneo esso tende a configurarsi come esito di un processo collaborativo, nel quale istituzioni e formazioni sociali concorrono alla realizzazione dell’eguaglianza sostanziale. Il lavoro ricostruisce le radici storiche del pluralismo solidaristico italiano, dalla stagione mutualistica ottocentesca all’espansione previdenziale del dopoguerra, fino alla crisi del modello statocentrico e alla riforma del Terzo settore (d.lgs. n. 117/2017). Particolare attenzione è dedicata al principio di sussidiarietà orizzontale (art. 118, quarto comma, Cost.), letto in combinazione con gli artt. 2 e 3 Cost. quale criterio ordinante dei rapporti tra pubbliche amministrazioni ed enti del Terzo settore. L’analisi della giurisprudenza costituzionale – a partire dalla sentenza n. 131 del 2020 e dalle successive pronunce più recenti – mostra l’emersione di un modello di welfare collaborativo e sussidiario, nel quale la solidarietà organizzata assume rilievo costituzionale. In tale prospettiva, il coinvolgimento del Terzo settore trascende la dimensione meramente organizzativa e contribuisce a rimodellare la struttura dei diritti sociali e a ridefinire l’interesse generale come esito di un processo collaborativo, nel quale Stato e società civile condividono la responsabilità della promozione dell’eguaglianza sostanziale. Tale evoluzione si colloca inoltre entro un più ampio quadro europeo, segnato dalla progressiva valorizzazione dell’economia sociale quale componente strutturale delle politiche dell’Unione. Il Piano d’azione europeo per l’economia sociale e la Raccomandazione del Consiglio del 2023 testimoniano infatti la progressiva integrazione dell’approccio concorrenziale con un paradigma maggiormente attento alla solidarietà, alla cooperazione e alla specificità delle organizzazioni dell’economia sociale, orientando l’ordinamento verso il riconoscimento di tali soggetti come attori essenziali della coesione sociale e dello sviluppo sostenibile.
PER UN WELFARE COLLABORATIVO E SUSSIDIARIO. ORIGINI, SVILUPPI E PROSPETTIVE DI UN MODELLO COSTITUZIONALE / A.a. Galli ; tutor: G. Ragone ; co-tutor: L. Violini ; coordinatore: E. Damiani. - Università degli Studi di Milano. Dipartimento di Diritto Pubblico Italiano e Sovranazionale, 2026 Jul 13. 38. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2024/2025.
PER UN WELFARE COLLABORATIVO E SUSSIDIARIO. ORIGINI, SVILUPPI E PROSPETTIVE DI UN MODELLO COSTITUZIONALE
A.A. Galli
2026
Abstract
This research analyses, from a historical, systematic and constitutional perspective, the evolution of the Italian welfare model in light of the progressive legal and constitutional recognition of the Third Sector. It examines whether this process has affected not only the organisation of social services, but also the very configuration of the general interest and social rights within the Italian constitutional order. The underlying hypothesis is that the ongoing transformation cannot be explained solely by the financial crisis of the twentieth-century welfare state, but reflects a deeper redefinition of the relationship between the State and society. Whereas, within the state centred paradigm of the post-war period, the general interest largely coincided with direct intervention by the public authorities, in the contemporary constitutional framework it increasingly tends to emerge as the outcome of a collaborative process in which public institutions and social organisations contribute to the achievement of substantive equality. The study reconstructs the historical roots of Italy’s solidarity-based pluralism, from nineteenth-century mutual aid movements to the post-war expansion of social security, and subsequently to the crisis of the state-centred model and the reform of the Third Sector introduced by Legislative Decree No. 117 of 2017. Particular attention is devoted to the principle of horizontal subsidiarity under Article 118, fourth paragraph, of the Constitution, interpreted in conjunction with Articles 2 and 3 as a principle governing relations between public administrations and Third Sector organisations. The analysis of constitutional case law, beginning with Judgment No. 131 of 2020 and continuing with the subsequent decisions, reveals the emergence of a collaborative welfare model grounded in subsidiarity, in which organised solidarity acquires constitutional significance. From this perspective, the involvement of the Third Sector extends beyond a merely organisational dimension and contributes to reshaping the structure of social rights and redefining the general interest as the outcome of a collaborative process in which the State and civil society share responsibility for promoting substantive equality. This development must also be situated within a broader European framework, characterised by the progressive recognition of the social economy as a structural component of European Union policies. The European Action Plan for the Social Economy and the 2023 Council Recommendation demonstrate the gradual integration of the competition-based approach with a paradigm that places greater emphasis on solidarity, cooperation and the distinctive characteristics of social economy organisations, thereby guiding the legal order towards the recognition of such organisations as essential actors in promoting social cohesion and sustainable development.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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