Cranial ultrasound in neonatal brain infections

Infection of the neonatal central nervous system (CNS) can cause irreversible brain damage. Cranial ultrasound is an important neuroimaging modality in the neonatal period for detecting brain injury. Several types of organism can cause neonatal CNS infection. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the most common and typical ultrasonographic features of neonatal CNS infections and their evolution over time. Different microorganisms cause characteristic brain injury patterns. Using numerous imaging examples, we explain the different injury patterns caused by several Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, fungi, and viruses. This can guide the clinician to appropriate diagnosis and treatment.