Background: The well-established biopharmaceutical advantages provided by nanosuspensions (NSs) make their conversion into solid oral dosage forms particularly appealing for improving both patients’ compliance and product stability. However, such a transformation continues to represent a significant challenge. Aim: This study explored manual wet granulation (WG) as a laboratory-scale strategy to transform an NS containing cinnarizine (CN) into granules, which were intended for direct administration or to be further processed. Methods: A range of polymers, characterized by different interaction mechanisms with aqueous fluids, were employed as carriers to incorporate the CN-containing NS during manual WG. The resulting granules were thoroughly characterized before tableting. Results: The NS-loaded products exhibited satisfactory physio-technological properties, effective nanocrystal redispersibility, high drug load efficiency, and expected in vitro performance. Moreover, they turned out to be suitable intermediates for mini-tablet production. Conclusions: Based on the data collected, WG turned out to be an effective lab-scale method for transforming an aqueous CN-containing NS into solid products (i.e., granules and mini-tablets), while preserving the starting properties of the drug nanocrystals. By adjusting formulation and process parameters, a variety of release kinetics were achieved, highlighting the value of the pursued approach, especially for early-stage screening of new drug candidates belonging to class II of the biopharmaceutical classification system.

Wet Granulation as a Solidification Strategy for Converting Aqueous Nanosuspensions into Solid Dosage Forms / E. Ragucci, M. Uboldi, A. Melocchi, M. Serratoni, L. Zema. - In: PHARMACEUTICS. - ISSN 1999-4923. - 18:5(2026 Apr 28), pp. 543.1-543.22. [10.3390/pharmaceutics18050543]

Wet Granulation as a Solidification Strategy for Converting Aqueous Nanosuspensions into Solid Dosage Forms

E. Ragucci
Primo
;
M. Uboldi
Secondo
;
A. Melocchi
;
M. Serratoni
Penultimo
;
L. Zema
Ultimo
2026

Abstract

Background: The well-established biopharmaceutical advantages provided by nanosuspensions (NSs) make their conversion into solid oral dosage forms particularly appealing for improving both patients’ compliance and product stability. However, such a transformation continues to represent a significant challenge. Aim: This study explored manual wet granulation (WG) as a laboratory-scale strategy to transform an NS containing cinnarizine (CN) into granules, which were intended for direct administration or to be further processed. Methods: A range of polymers, characterized by different interaction mechanisms with aqueous fluids, were employed as carriers to incorporate the CN-containing NS during manual WG. The resulting granules were thoroughly characterized before tableting. Results: The NS-loaded products exhibited satisfactory physio-technological properties, effective nanocrystal redispersibility, high drug load efficiency, and expected in vitro performance. Moreover, they turned out to be suitable intermediates for mini-tablet production. Conclusions: Based on the data collected, WG turned out to be an effective lab-scale method for transforming an aqueous CN-containing NS into solid products (i.e., granules and mini-tablets), while preserving the starting properties of the drug nanocrystals. By adjusting formulation and process parameters, a variety of release kinetics were achieved, highlighting the value of the pursued approach, especially for early-stage screening of new drug candidates belonging to class II of the biopharmaceutical classification system.
BCS class II drugs; water-based nanosuspensions; wet granulation; solid dosage forms; mini-tablets; immediate release;
Settore CHEM-08/A - Tecnologia, socioeconomia e normativa dei medicinali e dei prodotti per il benessere e per la salute
   Piano di Sostegno alla Ricerca 2015-2017 - Linea 2 "Dotazione annuale per attività istituzionali" (anno 2023)
   UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO
28-apr-2026
Article (author)
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
pharmaceutics-18-00543-v2.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Publisher's version/PDF
Licenza: Creative commons
Dimensione 1.56 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.56 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Pubblicazioni consigliate

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1244336
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
  • OpenAlex ND
social impact