The gender pay gap in Pakistan : An empirical analysis and policy implications

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the gender pay gap in Pakistan. Using data from the country’s Labour Force Surveys from 2013 to 2021, it offers updated estimates of the level of the gap, as well as the main drivers behind it. This includes a decomposition exercise aimed at understanding what portion of the gap is explained by individual characteristics and labour market endowments, and what portion is unexplained by observable factors and is likely driven by discrimination. The report further reviews federal and provincial legislation in place in Pakistan to reduce the gender pay gap, and puts forth recommendations that could be considered for implementation by national stakeholders. Ultimately, this report aims to stimulate further discussion on gender equality in the world of work and inspire actions that will help create a more equal and fair labour market for all men and women in Pakistan.