Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study

Jiyeon, O.; Kim, S.; Yim, Y.; Kim, M.S.; Null, N.; Il Shin, J.; Jabbar, A.A.J.; Aalruz, H.; Abbasian, M.; Abd Al Magied, A.H.A.; Elhafeez, S.A.; Abdelkader, A.; Abdelmagied, M.H.; Abdi, P.; Abdollahifar, M.; Abdulah, D.M.; Abdullahi, A.; Abebaw, N.; Zuñiga, R.A.A.; Aboagye, R.G.; Abolhassani, H.; Abouzid, M.; Abreu, L.G.; Abtahi, D.; Farha, R.K.A.; Abubakar, I.J.; Abu-Gharbieh, E.; Abukhadijah, H.J.; Aburuz, S.; Abu-Zaid, A.; Acuna, J.M.; Adane, M.M.; Addo, I.Y.; Adegboye, O.A.; Adekanmbi, V.; Adetunji, C.O.; Adeyeoluwa, T.E.; Adha, R.; Adhikari, K.; Adhikary, R.K.; Adnani, Q.E.S.; Afolabi, A.A.; Afolabi, R.F.; Afrashteh, F.; Afrooghe, A.; Agrawal, A.; Agyemang-Duah, W.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmad, M.M.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmadi, A.; Ahmed, A.; Ahmed, H.; Ahmed, I.; Ahmed, M.; Ahmed, O.; Ahmed, S.M.; Ahmed, S.A.; Ajadi, A.A.; Akhmedullin, R.; Akinosoglou, K.; Akkaif, M.A.; Akrami, A.E.; Hamad, H.A.; Hasan, S.M.A.; Alajlani, M.M.; Al-Ajlouni, Y.; Alam, K.; Alam, M.K.; Alam, N.; Al-amer, R.M.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Algammal, A.M.; Al-Gheethi, A.A.S.; Alhalaiqa, F.N.; Ali, E.A.; Ali, M.D.; Ali, M.U.; Ali, R.; Ali, S.S.; Ali, W.; Al-Ibraheem, A.; Alif, S.M.; Al-Jabi, S.W.; Aljofan, M.; Aljunid, S.M.; Al-Marwani, S.; Al-Mekhlafi, H.M.; Alnaeem, M.M.; Alomari, M.A.; Alqahtani, J.S.; Alqarni, A.A.; Alrawashdeh, A.; Alrousan, S.M.; Alsabri, M.A.; Alshahrani, N.Z.; Altaany, Z.; Altaf, A.; Altartoor, K.; Al-Tawfiq, J.A.; Altirkawi, K.A.; Alvi, F.J.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Alwafi, H.; Al-Wardat, M.; Al-Worafi, Y.M.; Aly, H.; Alyahya, M.S.I.; Alzoubi, A.; Alzoubi, K.H.; Amani, R.; Amatya, I.; Amin, A.; Amu, H.; Ancuceanu, R.; Anderson, M.; Anil, A.; Ansar, A.; Ansari, M.T.; Ansari, S.; Anuoluwa, B.S.; Anuoluwa, I.A.; Anvari, S.; Anwar, S.; Anyasodor, A.E.; Apostol, G.L.C.; Arabloo, J.; Arafa, E.A.; Arafat, M.; Aravkin, A.Y.; Areda, D.; Armocida, B.; Arooj, M.; Aruleba, I.T.; Arumugam, A.; Asgedom, A.A.; Asghariahmadabad, M.; Ashames, A.; Ashraf, M.A.B.; Ashraf, T.; Asiamah-Asare, B.K.Y.; Assefa, D.Z.; Atreya, A.; Attia, E.F.; Ausloos, M.; Ayana, L.A.A.; Aziz, S.A.; Babandi, Z.S.; Babu, G.R.; Badar, M.; Baig, A.A.; Barac, A.; Bardhan, M.; Barqawi, H.J.; Basharat, Z.; Basri, R.; Bastan, M.; Tork, M.A.B.; Bayleyegn, N.S.; Behzadi, P.; Belayneh, A.G.; Bello, M.B.; Bello, O.O.; Beloukas, A.; Bemanalizadeh, M.; Benzian, H.; Bernstein, R.S.; Bettencourt, P.J.G.; Beyene, K.A.; Bhadoria, A.S.; Bhagavathula, A.S.; Bhardwaj, P.; Bhargava, A.; Bhatti, J.S.; Bolarinwa, O.A.; Borhany, H.; Bouaoud, S.; Boyko, E.J.; Brenner, H.; Bunare, T.S.; Bustanji, Y.; Butt, N.S.; Butt, Z.A.; Barsbay, M.Ç.; Calina, D.; Cámera, L.A.; Campos-Nonato, I.; Capodici, A.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A.; Cegolon, L.; Cenderadewi, M.; Cerin, E.; Chakraborty, C.; Chakraborty, S.; Chan, J.S.K.; Chandrasekar, E.K.; Chaudhary, A.A.; Chen, H.; Chen, H.; Chen, S.; Cheng, E.T.W.; Chew, N.W.; Chi, G.; Ching, P.R.; Chirinos-Caceres, J.L.; Chitheer, A.; Chong, Y.Y.; Choudhari, S.G.; Chowdhury, S.; Christopher, D.J.; Chu, D.; Chuang, T.; Chukwu, I.S.; Chung, S.; Chutiyami, M.; Cohen, A.J.; Conde, J.; Cruz-Martins, N.; Gomes Da Silva, A.; Dababo, N.; Dadras, O.; Dai, S.; Dai, X.; Dai, Z.; Dalal, K.; Darcho, S.D.; Dascalu, A.M.; Dassah, C.; Delgado-Saborit, J.M.; Devanbu, V.G.C.; Devarakonda, P.K.; Devegowda, D.; Dey, R.; Dhali, A.; Dhama, K.; Dhane, A.S.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Dhimal, M.; Di Pumpo, M.; Dianatinasab, M.; Diaz, D.; Diaz, M.J.; Chi Do, T.; Phuong Do, T.H.; Dohare, S.; Doshi, O.P.; Dowou, R.K.; Dsouza, V.S.; Dutta, S.; E'Mar, A.R.; Ebrahimi, H.; Edinur, H.A.; Effendi, D.E.; Eghbali, F.; Sedeh, A.E.; Ejaz, T.; Ekundayo, T.C.; El Bayoumy, I.F.; Abdou El Meligy, O.A.; Eladl, M.A.; El-Ashker, S.; Elemam, N.M.; Elhadi, M.; Elsohaby, I.; Eltaha, C.; Emeto, T.I.; Bin Emran, T.; Eslami, M.; Eslami, M.; Esmaeili, S.V.; Fadaka, A.O.; Fagbamigbe, A.F.; Fahim, A.; Faiz, R.; Fakhradiyev, I.R.; Farahmand, M.; Farghaly, M.A.; Faro, A.; Farrokhpour, H.; Farsakoury, R.; Fasihi, K.; Fasina, M.M.; Fatima, Z.; Fauk, N.K.; Ferrara, P.; Ferreira, N.; Fischer, F.; Folayan, M.O.; Fonzo, M.; Fornari, A.; Fortuna, D.; Foschi, M.; Fotouhi, M.; Jinming, F.; Sridevi, G.; Gadanya, M.A.; Gaipov, A.; Gallus, S.; Gandhi, A.P.; Ganesan, B.; Gatzioufas, Z.; Gautam, R.K.; Gebregergis, M.W.; Getie, M.; Ghadimi, D.J.; Ghamari, S.; Ghazy, R.M.; Gheno, G.; Gholamalizadeh, M.; Gholamrezanezhad, A.; Ghotbi, E.; Ghuge, A.; Gil, A.U.; Gillum, R.F.; Girmay, A.A.; Golechha, M.; Goodarzian, M.; Goodridge, A.; Grada, A.; Grivna, M.; Grover, A.; Guan, Z.; Guarducci, G.; Gubari, M.I.M.; Guicciardi, S.; Gulati, S.; Gunawardane, D.A.; Guo, C.; Gupta, A.K.; Gupta, B.; Gupta, L.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, V.B.; Gupta, V.K.; Gutiérrez-Murillo, R.S.; Habibzadeh, F.; Hadei, M.; Haghmorad, D.; Haller, S.; Halwani, R.; Hamdy, N.M.; Hammoud, A.; Han, C.; Hanna, F.; Hargono, A.; Haro, J.M.; Hasan, M.K.; Hasan, M.J.; Hasani, H.; Hasanpour-Dehkordi, A.; Hassan, N.; Hassan, S.; Haubold, J.; Jiawei, H.; Wen-Qiang, H.; Heibati, B.; Helfer, B.; Hemmati, M.; Hiraike, Y.; Hoang, M.; Holla, R.; Horita, N.; Hossain, S.; Hossain, M.B.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Hostiuc, S.; Hsieh, V.C.; Huang, J.; Humayun, A.; Hundie, T.G.; Hushmandi, K.; Hussain, J.; Hussein, N.R.; Husseiny, M.I.; Huy, L.D.; Huynh, H.; Hwang, B.; Iavicoli, I.; Ibitoye, S.E.; Ibrayeva, A.; Ikuta, K.S.; Ilesanmi, O.S.; Ilic, I.M.; Ilic, M.D.; Immurana, M.; Inok, A.; Iqhrammullah, M.; Isa, M.A.; Islam, M.R.; Ismail, N.E.; Ispayeva, Z.B.; Iyasu, A.N.; Iyer, M.; Vinothini, J.; Jacob, L.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Jahrami, H.; Jain, N.; Jaiswal, V.; Jakovljevic, M.; Javankiani, S.; Jawaid, T.; Jayapal, S.K.; Jayaram, S.; Jebasingh, F.K.; Jee, S.H.; Jha, R.P.; Jia, Y.; Jin, W.; Jonas, J.B.; Joo, T.; Jose, J.; Joseph, N.; Jyoti, A.; Vaishali, K.; Kaambwa, B.; Kabir, Z.; Kabito, G.G.; Kamath, R.; Kanaan, S.F.; Kankam, S.B.; Kanmiki, E.W.; Kanmodi, K.K.; Kant, S.; Kantar, R.S.; Kanungo, S.; Behnagh, A.K.; Kauppila, J.H.; Kazemi, F.; Keiyoro, P.N.; Khader, Y.S.; Khajuria, H.; Khalifa, H.O.; Khalilian, A.; Khamesipour, F.; Khan, M.N.; Khan, M.; Khan, M.J.; Khan, M.A.; Khanal, V.; Khatab, K.; Khatatbeh, M.M.; Khidri, F.F.; Khosravi, M.; Kim, K.; Kim, Y.J.; Kimokoti, R.W.; Kinati, T.; Kisa, A.; Kisa, S.; Kivimäki, M.; Knibbs, L.D.; Kolahi, A.; Kompani, F.; Koomson, I.; Korshunov, V.A.; Korzh, O.; Kostev, K.; Kothari, N.; Krishan, K.; Kritikos, N.; Kuddus, M.; Kuitunen, I.; Kulimbet, M.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, J.; Kumar, R.; Kundu, S.; Kunutsor, S.K.; Kurmanova, A.; Kurmi, O.P.; Kurniasari, M.D.; Kyei-Arthur, F.; Kytö, V.; La Vecchia, C.; Ladan, M.A.; Lahariya, C.; Lai, H.; Lám, J.; Lan, Q.; Lanfranchi, F.; Latief, K.; Latifinaibin, K.; Lauriola, P.; Huu-Hoai, L.; Hanh Le, N.H.; Thi Thu Le, T.; Thanh Le, T.D.; Ledda, C.; Lee, S.W.; Lee, W.; Leivaditis, V.; Leong, E.; Jiaying, L.; Ming-Chieh, L.; Wei, L.; Ligade, V.S.; Lim, S.S.; Lin, J.; Lin, Q.; Lin, R.; Liu, C.; Liu, G.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; López-Gil, J.F.; Lopukhov, P.D.; Lotufo, P.A.; Lucchetti, G.; Lugo, A.; Luo, H.; Zheng Feei, M.; Mabrok, M.; Madadi, F.; Mahalleh, M.; Malik, I.; Malinovschi, A.; Malta, D.C.; Mamun, A.A.; Manla, Y.; Mannethodi, K.; Mansouri, V.; Mantovani, L.G.; Manu, E.; Marasini, B.P.; Marateb, H.R.; Martinez-Guerra, B.A.; Martini, S.; Martorell, M.; März, W.; Marzo, R.R.; Marzouk, S.; Masoudi, A.; Mathangasinghe, Y.; Mathioudakis, A.G.; Mathur, M.; Matozinhos, F.P.; Mattiello, R.; Maude, R.J.; Maugeri, A.; May, J.; Mcphail, S.M.; Mechili, E.A.; Mehmood, A.; Meto, T.M.; Meles, H.N.; Melese, A.; Melese, E.B.; Menezes, R.G.; Mentis, A.A.; Merati, M.; Meretoja, A.; Meretoja, T.J.; Mestrovic, T.; Mettananda, C.D.K.; Mettananda, S.; Mhlanga, A.; Mhlanga, L.; Miller, T.R.; Minervini, G.; Nhat Minh, L.H.; Mini, G.; Misganaw, A.; Misra, A.K.; Mittal, A.; Mittal, M.; Mohamed, N.S.; Mohammad, A.M.; Mohammadzadeh, I.; Mohammed, M.; Mohsin, A.; Mokdad, A.H.; Molinaro, S.; Momani, S.; Monasta, L.; Ghalibaf, A.M.; Moradi, M.; Moradi, Y.; Morawska, L.; Mosquera, F.E.C.; Mossialos, E.; Mousavi, P.; Msherghi, A.; Muccioli, L.; Mukherjee, S.; Mukoro, G.D.; Mulita, F.; Munkhsaikhan, Y.; Murillo-Zamora, E.; Murray, C.J.L.; Mustafa, G.; Muthupandian, S.; Myung, W.; Naghavi, M.; Naghavi, P.; Naik, G.R.; Naik, G.; Nainu, F.; Najdaghi, S.; Nambi, G.; Nangia, V.; Swamy, S.N.; Nargus, S.; Davani, D.N.; Nascimento, G.G.; Nashwan, A.J.; Nasrollahizadeh, A.; Nasrollahizadeh, A.; Natto, Z.S.; Nauman, J.; Navaratna, S.N.K.; Nayak, B.P.; Nayak, S.G.; Nayak, V.C.; Nayyar, A.K.; Nazri-Panjaki, A.; Negahdary, M.; Negoi, I.; Negoi, R.I.; Nepal, S.; Ngunjiri, J.W.; Nguyen, D.; Thi Hien Nguyen, H.; Nguyen, P.T.; Nguyen, V.T.; Khoi, Q.N.; Niknam, N.; Nikoobar, A.; Nikravangolsefid, N.; Nnaji, C.A.; Nomura, S.; Nri-Ezedi, C.A.; Nunemo, M.H.; Nurrika, D.; Oancea, B.; Oboh, M.A.; Odetokun, I.A.; Oduro, M.S.; Ofakunrin, A.O.D.; Ogundijo, O.A.; Ojo-Akosile, T.R.; Okeke, S.R.; Okekunle, A.P.; Okonji, O.C.; Okwute, P.G.; Olagunju, A.T.; Olatubi, M.I.; Omer, G.L.; Ong, S.K.; Ordak, M.; Orish, V.N.; Ortiz, A.; Ortiz-Prado, E.; 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Redwan, E.M.; Rehman, A.U.; Reyes, L.F.; Rezaei, N.; Rezaeian, M.; Rocha, H.A.L.; Da Silva, T.P.R.; Rodriguez, J.A.B.; Roever, L.; Rohilla, R.; Rokni, M.; Ronfani, L.; Rony, M.K.K.; Rout, H.S.; Roy, N.; Roy, P.; Roy, S.; Roy, S.; Runghien, T.; Saadeddin, A.; Saah, F.I.I.; Saber-Ayad, M.M.; Sabet, C.J.; Sabour, S.; Saddik, B.A.; Saeed, M.; Saeed, U.; Saeedi, M.; Safari, M.; Saghafi, A.; Sagoe, D.; Sharif-Askari, F.S.; Sharif-Askari, N.S.; Sahebkar, A.; Sahoo, P.M.; Sahoo, S.S.; Sajadi, S.M.; Sajib, R.U.Z.; Sajid, M.R.; Salaroli, L.B.; Saleh, M.A.; Salemcity, A.J.; Salimi, S.; Samaranayake, J.E.; Samargandy, S.; Sami, W.; Samy, A.M.; Sankar, S.; Santric-Milicevic, M.M.; Jose, B.P.S.; Saravanan, A.; Sarode, G.S.; Sarode, S.C.; Sartorius, B.; Sathian, B.; Sathyanarayan, A.; Satpathy, M.; Saulam, J.; Sawhney, M.; Saya, G.K.; Sayeed, A.; Schaarschmidt, B.M.; Schinckus, C.; Schneider, I.J.C.; Sedighi, M.; Selvaraj, S.; Sendekie, A.K.; Sengupta, P.; Serban, D.; Sethi, Y.; Sha'Aban, A.; Shafie, M.; 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Zhong, C.C.; Zhou, J.; Bin Zhu, N.; Zhumagaliuly, A.; Zia, H.; Zielińska, M.; Zitoun, O.A.; Zoghi, G.; Zyoud, S.H.; Zyoud, S.H.; Hay, S.I.; Il Shin, J.; Yon, D.K.

doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04077-9

Chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary sarcoidosis, are major global causes of mortality and morbidity. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced acute respiratory health, its impact on chronic respiratory conditions remains unclear. We estimated the global, regional and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2023, including risk factors, and evaluated how these burdens have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. In 2023, chronic respiratory diseases accounted for 569.2 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 508.8-639.8) cases and 4.2 million (3.6-5.1) deaths. The age-standardized death rate declined by 25.7% globally from 1990 to 2023 despite an increase in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Mortality declined in younger males, especially for asthma, whereas older adults experienced a rise in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Smoking was the primary risk factor for COPD, whereas high body mass index and silica exposure were key risk factors for asthma and pneumoconiosis. During the pandemic, the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases increased modestly, but the decline in mortality rates became more pronounced, highlighting the need for sustained global attention and action to address their long-term burden.

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study / J. Oh, S. Kim, Y. Yim, M.S. Kim, N. Null, J. Il Shin, A.A.J. Jabbar, H. Aalruz, M. Abbasian, A.H.A. Abd Al Magied, S.A. Elhafeez, A. Abdelkader, M.H. Abdelmagied, P. Abdi, M. Abdollahifar, D.M. Abdulah, A. Abdullahi, N. Abebaw, R.A.A. Zuñiga, R.G. Aboagye, H. Abolhassani, M. Abouzid, L.G. Abreu, D. Abtahi, R.K.A. Farha, I.J. Abubakar, E. Abu-Gharbieh, H.J. Abukhadijah, S. Aburuz, A. Abu-Zaid, J.M. Acuna, M.M. Adane, I.Y. Addo, O.A. Adegboye, V. Adekanmbi, C.O. Adetunji, T.E. Adeyeoluwa, R. Adha, K. Adhikari, R.K. Adhikary, Q.E.S. Adnani, A.A. Afolabi, R.F. Afolabi, F. Afrashteh, A. Afrooghe, A. Agrawal, W. Agyemang-Duah, A. Ahmad, M.M. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmed, H. Ahmed, I. Ahmed, M. Ahmed, O. Ahmed, S.M. Ahmed, S.A. Ahmed, A.A. Ajadi, R. Akhmedullin, K. Akinosoglou, M.A. Akkaif, A.E. Akrami, H.A. Hamad, S.M.A. Hasan, M.M. Alajlani, Y. Al-Ajlouni, K. Alam, M.K. Alam, N. Alam, R.M. Al-amer, A. Al-Eyadhy, A.M. Algammal, A.A.S. Al-Gheethi, F.N. Alhalaiqa, E.A. Ali, M.D. Ali, M.U. Ali, R. Ali, S.S. Ali, W. Ali, A. Al-Ibraheem, S.M. Alif, S.W. Al-Jabi, M. Aljofan, S.M. Aljunid, S. Al-Marwani, H.M. Al-Mekhlafi, M.M. Alnaeem, M.A. Alomari, J.S. Alqahtani, A.A. Alqarni, A. Alrawashdeh, S.M. Alrousan, M.A. Alsabri, N.Z. Alshahrani, Z. Altaany, A. Altaf, K. Altartoor, J.A. Al-Tawfiq, K.A. Altirkawi, F.J. Alvi, N. Alvis-Guzman, H. Alwafi, M. Al-Wardat, Y.M. Al-Worafi, H. Aly, M.S.I. Alyahya, A. Alzoubi, K.H. Alzoubi, R. Amani, I. Amatya, A. Amin, H. Amu, R. Ancuceanu, M. Anderson, A. Anil, A. Ansar, M.T. Ansari, S. Ansari, B.S. Anuoluwa, I.A. Anuoluwa, S. Anvari, S. Anwar, A.E. Anyasodor, G.L.C. Apostol, J. Arabloo, E.A. Arafa, M. Arafat, A.Y. Aravkin, D. Areda, B. Armocida, M. Arooj, I.T. Aruleba, A. Arumugam, A.A. Asgedom, M. Asghariahmadabad, A. Ashames, M.A.B. Ashraf, T. Ashraf, B.K.Y. Asiamah-Asare, D.Z. Assefa, A. Atreya, E.F. Attia, M. Ausloos, L.A.A. Ayana, S.A. Aziz, Z.S. Babandi, G.R. Babu, M. Badar, A.A. Baig, A. Barac, M. Bardhan, H.J. Barqawi, Z. Basharat, R. Basri, M. Bastan, M.A.B. Tork, N.S. Bayleyegn, P. Behzadi, A.G. Belayneh, M.B. Bello, O.O. Bello, A. Beloukas, M. Bemanalizadeh, H. Benzian, R.S. Bernstein, P.J.G. Bettencourt, K.A. Beyene, A.S. Bhadoria, A.S. Bhagavathula, P. Bhardwaj, A. Bhargava, J.S. Bhatti, O.A. Bolarinwa, H. Borhany, S. Bouaoud, E.J. Boyko, H. Brenner, T.S. Bunare, Y. Bustanji, N.S. Butt, Z.A. Butt, M.Ç. Barsbay, D. Calina, L.A. Cámera, I. Campos-Nonato, A. Capodici, J.M. Castaldelli-Maia, C.A. Castañeda-Orjuela, L. Cegolon, M. Cenderadewi, E. Cerin, C. Chakraborty, S. Chakraborty, J.S.K. Chan, E.K. Chandrasekar, A.A. Chaudhary, H. Chen, H. Chen, S. Chen, E.T.W. Cheng, N.W. Chew, G. Chi, P.R. Ching, J.L. Chirinos-Caceres, A. Chitheer, Y.Y. Chong, S.G. Choudhari, S. Chowdhury, D.J. Christopher, D. Chu, T. Chuang, I.S. Chukwu, S. Chung, M. Chutiyami, A.J. Cohen, J. Conde, N. Cruz-Martins, A. Gomes Da Silva, N. Dababo, O. Dadras, S. Dai, X. Dai, Z. Dai, K. Dalal, S.D. Darcho, A.M. Dascalu, C. Dassah, J.M. Delgado-Saborit, V.G.C. Devanbu, P.K. Devarakonda, D. Devegowda, R. Dey, A. Dhali, K. Dhama, A.S. Dhane, S.D. Dharmaratne, M. Dhimal, M. Di Pumpo, M. Dianatinasab, D. Diaz, M.J. Diaz, T. Chi Do, T.H. Phuong Do, S. Dohare, O.P. Doshi, R.K. Dowou, V.S. Dsouza, S. Dutta, A.R. E'Mar, H. Ebrahimi, H.A. Edinur, D.E. Effendi, F. Eghbali, A.E. Sedeh, T. Ejaz, T.C. Ekundayo, I.F. El Bayoumy, O.A. Abdou El Meligy, M.A. Eladl, S. El-Ashker, N.M. Elemam, M. Elhadi, I. Elsohaby, C. Eltaha, T.I. Emeto, T. Bin Emran, M. Eslami, M. Eslami, S.V. Esmaeili, A.O. Fadaka, A.F. Fagbamigbe, A. Fahim, R. Faiz, I.R. Fakhradiyev, M. Farahmand, M.A. Farghaly, A. Faro, H. Farrokhpour, R. Farsakoury, K. Fasihi, M.M. Fasina, Z. Fatima, N.K. Fauk, P. Ferrara, N. Ferreira, F. Fischer, M.O. Folayan, M. Fonzo, A. Fornari, D. Fortuna, M. Foschi, M. Fotouhi, J. Fu, G. Sridevi, M.A. Gadanya, A. Gaipov, S. Gallus, A.P. Gandhi, B. Ganesan, Z. Gatzioufas, R.K. Gautam, M.W. Gebregergis, M. Getie, D.J. Ghadimi, S. Ghamari, R.M. Ghazy, G. Gheno, M. Gholamalizadeh, A. Gholamrezanezhad, E. Ghotbi, A. Ghuge, A.U. Gil, R.F. Gillum, A.A. Girmay, M. Golechha, M. Goodarzian, A. Goodridge, A. Grada, M. Grivna, A. Grover, Z. Guan, G. Guarducci, M.I.M. Gubari, S. Guicciardi, S. Gulati, D.A. Gunawardane, C. Guo, A.K. Gupta, B. Gupta, L. Gupta, R. Gupta, V.B. Gupta, V.K. Gupta, R.S. Gutiérrez-Murillo, F. Habibzadeh, M. Hadei, D. Haghmorad, S. Haller, R. Halwani, N.M. Hamdy, A. Hammoud, C. Han, F. Hanna, A. Hargono, J.M. Haro, M.K. Hasan, M.J. Hasan, H. Hasani, A. Hasanpour-Dehkordi, N. Hassan, S. Hassan, J. Haubold, J. He, W. He, B. Heibati, B. Helfer, M. Hemmati, Y. Hiraike, M. Hoang, R. Holla, N. Horita, S. Hossain, M.B. Hossain, M. Hosseinzadeh, S. Hostiuc, V.C. Hsieh, J. Huang, A. Humayun, T.G. Hundie, K. Hushmandi, J. Hussain, N.R. Hussein, M.I. Husseiny, L.D. Huy, H. Huynh, B. Hwang, I. Iavicoli, S.E. Ibitoye, A. Ibrayeva, K.S. Ikuta, O.S. Ilesanmi, I.M. Ilic, M.D. Ilic, M. Immurana, A. Inok, M. Iqhrammullah, M.A. Isa, M.R. Islam, N.E. Ismail, Z.B. Ispayeva, A.N. Iyasu, M. Iyer, V. J, L. Jacob, A. Jafarzadeh, H. Jahrami, N. Jain, V. Jaiswal, M. Jakovljevic, S. Javankiani, T. Jawaid, S.K. Jayapal, S. Jayaram, F.K. Jebasingh, S.H. Jee, R.P. Jha, Y. Jia, W. Jin, J.B. Jonas, T. Joo, J. Jose, N. Joseph, A. Jyoti, V. K, B. Kaambwa, Z. Kabir, G.G. Kabito, R. Kamath, S.F. Kanaan, S.B. Kankam, E.W. Kanmiki, K.K. Kanmodi, S. Kant, R.S. Kantar, S. Kanungo, A.K. Behnagh, J.H. Kauppila, F. Kazemi, P.N. Keiyoro, Y.S. Khader, H. Khajuria, H.O. Khalifa, A. Khalilian, F. Khamesipour, M.N. Khan, M. Khan, M.J. Khan, M.A. Khan, V. Khanal, K. Khatab, M.M. Khatatbeh, F.F. Khidri, M. Khosravi, K. Kim, Y.J. Kim, R.W. Kimokoti, T. Kinati, A. Kisa, S. Kisa, M. Kivimäki, L.D. Knibbs, A. Kolahi, F. Kompani, I. Koomson, V.A. Korshunov, O. Korzh, K. Kostev, N. Kothari, K. Krishan, N. Kritikos, M. Kuddus, I. Kuitunen, M. Kulimbet, D. Kumar, J. Kumar, R. Kumar, S. Kundu, S.K. Kunutsor, A. Kurmanova, O.P. Kurmi, M.D. Kurniasari, F. Kyei-Arthur, V. Kytö, C. La Vecchia, M.A. Ladan, C. Lahariya, H. Lai, J. Lám, Q. Lan, F. Lanfranchi, K. Latief, K. Latifinaibin, P. Lauriola, H. Le, N.H. Hanh Le, T. Thi Thu Le, T.D. Thanh Le, C. Ledda, S.W. Lee, W. Lee, V. Leivaditis, E. Leong, J. Li, M. Li, W. Li, V.S. Ligade, S.S. Lim, J. Lin, Q. Lin, R. Lin, C. Liu, G. Liu, J. Liu, X. Liu, J.F. López-Gil, P.D. Lopukhov, P.A. Lotufo, G. Lucchetti, A. Lugo, H. Luo, Z.F. Ma, M. Mabrok, F. Madadi, M. Mahalleh, I. Malik, A. Malinovschi, D.C. Malta, A.A. Mamun, Y. Manla, K. Mannethodi, V. Mansouri, L.G. Mantovani, E. Manu, B.P. Marasini, H.R. Marateb, B.A. Martinez-Guerra, S. Martini, M. Martorell, W. März, R.R. Marzo, S. Marzouk, A. Masoudi, Y. Mathangasinghe, A.G. Mathioudakis, M. Mathur, F.P. Matozinhos, R. Mattiello, R.J. Maude, A. Maugeri, J. May, S.M. Mcphail, E.A. Mechili, A. Mehmood, T.M. Meto, H.N. Meles, A. Melese, E.B. Melese, R.G. Menezes, A.A. Mentis, M. Merati, A. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, T. Mestrovic, C.D.K. Mettananda, S. Mettananda, A. Mhlanga, L. Mhlanga, T.R. Miller, G. Minervini, L.H. Nhat Minh, G. Mini, A. Misganaw, A.K. Misra, A. Mittal, M. Mittal, N.S. Mohamed, A.M. Mohammad, I. Mohammadzadeh, M. Mohammed, A. Mohsin, A.H. Mokdad, S. Molinaro, S. Momani, L. Monasta, A.M. Ghalibaf, M. Moradi, Y. Moradi, L. Morawska, F.E.C. Mosquera, E. Mossialos, P. Mousavi, A. Msherghi, L. Muccioli, S. Mukherjee, G.D. Mukoro, F. Mulita, Y. Munkhsaikhan, E. Murillo-Zamora, C.J.L. Murray, G. Mustafa, S. Muthupandian, W. Myung, M. Naghavi, P. Naghavi, G.R. Naik, G. Naik, F. Nainu, S. Najdaghi, G. Nambi, V. Nangia, S.N. Swamy, S. Nargus, D.N. Davani, G.G. Nascimento, A.J. Nashwan, A. Nasrollahizadeh, A. Nasrollahizadeh, Z.S. Natto, J. Nauman, S.N.K. Navaratna, B.P. Nayak, S.G. Nayak, V.C. Nayak, A.K. Nayyar, A. Nazri-Panjaki, M. Negahdary, I. Negoi, R.I. Negoi, S. Nepal, J.W. Ngunjiri, D. Nguyen, H. Thi Hien Nguyen, P.T. Nguyen, V.T. Nguyen, Q.N. Khoi, N. Niknam, A. Nikoobar, N. Nikravangolsefid, C.A. Nnaji, S. Nomura, C.A. Nri-Ezedi, M.H. Nunemo, D. Nurrika, B. Oancea, M.A. Oboh, I.A. Odetokun, M.S. Oduro, A.O.D. Ofakunrin, O.A. Ogundijo, T.R. Ojo-Akosile, S.R. Okeke, A.P. Okekunle, O.C. Okonji, P.G. Okwute, A.T. Olagunju, M.I. Olatubi, G.L. Omer, S.K. Ong, M. Ordak, V.N. Orish, A. Ortiz, E. Ortiz-Prado, U.L. Osuagwu, A. Ouyahia, T. Oyelade, M.P. A, A. Padron-Monedero, S. Panda-Jonas, S.R. Pandi-Perumal, G.D. Panos, L.D. Panos, P. Papadopoulou, P.P. Parija, R.R. Parikh, E. Park, S. Park, S.Y. Parvar, M. Pasovic, R. Passera, S. Patil, D. Patoulias, U. Paudel, P. Pedersini, V.C.F. Pepito, P. Peprah, A. Perianayagam, S. Perna, F.E. Petermann-Rocha, H.N. Pham, T. Pham, A.K. Philip, D. Poddighe, R.V. Polibin, A.P. Avudaiappan, M.J. Postma, F. Pourghazi, A. Pourshams, A. Prashant, E.J.S. Prates, J. Puvvula, N.H. Qasim, A.S. Qazi, J. Qiu, R. Deepthi, V. Radhakrishnan, A. Rafiei, Z. Rahimi, M.M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, M. Rahmanian, S.K. Raina, S. Rajaa, A.K. Rajan, V. Rajendran, P. Rajput, M.M. Ramadan, C. Ramasamy, S.K. Ramasamy, S. Ramazanu, K. Ramezanzadeh, K. Rana, C.L. Ranabhat, N. Rancic, U. Rani, M. Rao, V. Rashedi, A.M. Rashid, M. Rashidi, D. Rathish, S.K. Rauniyar, S. Rawaf, L. Rawal, E.M. Redwan, A.U. Rehman, L.F. Reyes, N. Rezaei, M. Rezaeian, H.A.L. Rocha, T.P.R. Da Silva, J.A.B. Rodriguez, L. Roever, R. Rohilla, M. Rokni, L. Ronfani, M.K.K. Rony, H.S. Rout, N. Roy, P. Roy, S. Roy, S. Roy, T. Runghien, A. Saadeddin, F.I.I. Saah, M.M. Saber-Ayad, C.J. Sabet, S. Sabour, B.A. Saddik, M. Saeed, U. Saeed, M. Saeedi, M. Safari, A. Saghafi, D. Sagoe, F.S. Sharif-Askari, N.S. Sharif-Askari, A. Sahebkar, P.M. Sahoo, S.S. Sahoo, S.M. Sajadi, R.U.Z. Sajib, M.R. Sajid, L.B. Salaroli, M.A. Saleh, A.J. Salemcity, S. Salimi, J.E. Samaranayake, S. Samargandy, W. Sami, A.M. Samy, S. Sankar, M.M. Santric-Milicevic, B.P.S. Jose, A. Saravanan, G.S. Sarode, S.C. Sarode, B. Sartorius, B. Sathian, A. Sathyanarayan, M. Satpathy, J. Saulam, M. Sawhney, G.K. Saya, A. Sayeed, B.M. Schaarschmidt, C. Schinckus, I.J.C. Schneider, M. Sedighi, S. Selvaraj, A.K. Sendekie, P. Sengupta, D. Serban, Y. Sethi, A. Sha'Aban, M. Shafie, M. Shahab, S. Shaharudin, S. Shahid, M.J. Shahwan, M.A. Shaikh, A. Shakeri, M.A. Shamim, M. Shams-Beyranvand, M.A. Shamshirgaran, A. Shamsi, A. Shamsutdinova, N.T. Sharew, S. Sharfaei, A. Sharifan, J.S. Rad, M. Sharma, V. Sharma, R.P. Shastry, R.R. Shenoy, S.P. Sherchan, P.H. Shetty, P.K. Shetty, D. Shiferaw, M. Shigematsu, A. Shittu, Z.S. Eshkiki, S. Shool, S. Shrestha, Y. Si, E.E. Siddig, M. Sidiq, L.M.L. Rodrigues Silva, A. Singh, B. Singh, H. Singh, J.A. Singh, K. Singh, S. Singh, M.K. Sinha, R. Sinto, A.A. Skryabina, F. Sobia, A. Sokhan, S. Solanki, S. Solikhah, S.S.M. Soliman, A. Sood, S. 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Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study

Oh, Jiyeon^Primo;Kim, Soeun;Yim, Yesol;Kim, Min Seo;null, null;Il Shin, Jae;Jabbar, Ahmed A. J.;Aalruz, Hasan;Abbasian, Mohammadreza;Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H. A.;ElHafeez, Samar Abd;Abdelkader, Atef;Abdelmagied, Mawada Hassan;Abdi, Parsa;Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin;Abdulah, Deldar Morad;Abdullahi, Auwal;Abebaw, Nigusie;Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño;Aboagye, Richard Gyan;Abolhassani, Hassan;Abouzid, Mohamed;Abreu, Lucas Guimarães;Abtahi, Dariush;Farha, Rana Kamal Abu;Abubakar, Ibrahim Jatau;Abu-Gharbieh, Eman;Abukhadijah, Hana J.;Aburuz, Salahdein;Abu-Zaid, Ahmed;Acuna, Juan Manuel;Adane, Mesafint Molla;Addo, Isaac Yeboah;Adegboye, Oyelola A.;Adekanmbi, Victor;Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun;Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther;Adha, Rishan;Adhikari, Kishor;Adhikary, Ripon Kumar;Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah;Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika;Afolabi, Rotimi Felix;Afrashteh, Fatemeh;Afrooghe, Arya;Agrawal, Anurag;Agyemang-Duah, Williams;Ahmad, Aqeel;Ahmad, Muayyad M.;Ahmad, Sajjad;Ahmad, Shahzaib;Ahmadi, Ali;Ahmed, Ayman;Ahmed, Haroon;Ahmed, Ibrar;Ahmed, Mohammed;Ahmed, Oli;Ahmed, Sindew Mahmud;Ahmed, Syed Anees;Ajadi, Abdullateef Abiodun;Akhmedullin, Ruslan;Akinosoglou, Karolina;Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed;Akrami, Ashley E.;Hamad, Hanadi Al;Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al;Alajlani, Muaaz M.;Al-Ajlouni, Yazan;Alam, Khurshid;Alam, Mohammad Khursheed;Alam, Nazmul;Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa;Al-Eyadhy, Ayman;Algammal, Abdelazeem M.;Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed;Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Naji;Ali, Endale Alemayehu;Ali, Mohammad Daud;Ali, Mohammed Usman;Ali, Rafat;Ali, Syed Shujait;Ali, Waad;Al-Ibraheem, Akram;Alif, Sheikh Mohammad;Al-Jabi, Samah W.;Aljofan, Mohamad;Aljunid, Syed Mohamed;Al-Marwani, Sabah;Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.;Alnaeem, Mohmmad Minwer;Alomari, Mahmoud A.;Alqahtani, Jaber S.;Alqarni, Abdullah A.;Alrawashdeh, Ahmad;Alrousan, Sahel Majed;Alsabri, Mohammed A.;Alshahrani, Najim Z.;Altaany, Zaid;Altaf, Awais;Altartoor, Khaled;Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.;Altirkawi, Khalid A.;Alvi, Farrukh Jawad;Alvis-Guzman, Nelson;Alwafi, Hassan;Al-Wardat, Mohammad;Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed;Aly, Hany;Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim;Alzoubi, Abdallah;Alzoubi, Karem H.;Amani, Reza;Amatya, Isha;Amin, Amr;Amu, Hubert;Ancuceanu, Robert;Anderson, Michael;Anil, Abhishek;Ansar, Adnan;Ansari, Mohammed Tahir;Ansari, Sameera;Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen;Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola;Anvari, Saeid;Anwar, Saleha;Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward;Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace;Arabloo, Jalal;Arafa, Elshaimaa A.;Arafat, Mosab;Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.;Areda, Demelash;Armocida, Benedetta;Arooj, Mahwish;Aruleba, Idowu Thomas;Arumugam, Ashokan;Asgedom, Akeza Awealom;Asghariahmadabad, Mona;Ashames, Akram;Ashraf, Muhammad Abdul Basit;Ashraf, Tahira;Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah;Assefa, Dereje Zewdu;Atreya, Alok;Attia, Engi Farouk;Ausloos, Marcel;Ayana, Lemessa Assefa A.;Aziz, Sadat Abdulla;Babandi, Zaharaddeen Shuaibu;Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah;Badar, Muhammad;Baig, Atif Amin;Barac, Aleksandra;Bardhan, Mainak;Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat;Basharat, Zarrin;Basri, Rehana;Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi;Tork, Mohammad Amin Bayat;Bayleyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew;Behzadi, Payam;Belayneh, Asnake Gashaw;Bello, Muhammad Bashir;Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja;Beloukas, Apostolos;Bemanalizadeh, Maryam;Benzian, Habib;Bernstein, Robert S.;Bettencourt, Paulo J. G.;Beyene, Kebede A.;Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh;Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth;Bhardwaj, Pankaj;Bhargava, Ashish;Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh;Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi;Borhany, Hamed;Bouaoud, Souad;Boyko, Edward J.;Brenner, Hermann;Bunare, Tsion Samuel;Bustanji, Yasser;Butt, Nadeem Shafique;Butt, Zahid A.;Barsbay, Mehtap Çakmak;Calina, Daniela;Cámera, Luis Alberto;Campos-Nonato, Ismael;Capodici, Angelo;Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio;Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.;Cegolon, Luca;Cenderadewi, Muthia;Cerin, Ester;Chakraborty, Chiranjib;Chakraborty, Sandip;Chan, Jeffrey Shi Kai;Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K.;Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad;Chen, Hana;Chen, Haowei;Chen, Shanquan;Cheng, Esther T. W.;Chew, Nicholas WS;Chi, Gerald;Ching, Patrick R.;Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo;Chitheer, Abdulaal;Chong, Yuen Yu;Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan;Chowdhury, Sreshtha;Christopher, Devasahayam J.;Chu, Dinh-Toi;Chuang, Ting-Wu;Chukwu, Isaac Sunday;Chung, Sunghyun;Chutiyami, Muhammad;Cohen, Aaron J.;Conde, Joao;Cruz-Martins, Natalia;Gomes da Silva, Alanna;Dababo, Nour;Dadras, Omid;Dai, Siyu;Dai, Xiaochen;Dai, Zhaoli;Dalal, Koustuv;Darcho, Samuel Demissie;Dascalu, Ana Maria;Dassah, Cornelius;Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria;Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan;Devarakonda, Pradeep Kumar;Devegowda, Devananda;Dey, Rakhi;Dhali, Arkadeep;Dhama, Kuldeep;Dhane, Amol S.;Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda;Dhimal, Meghnath;Di Pumpo, Marcello;Dianatinasab, Mostafa;Diaz, Daniel;Diaz, Michael J.;Chi Do, Thanh;Phuong Do, Thao Huynh;Dohare, Sushil;Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai;Dowou, Robert Kokou;Dsouza, Viola Savy;Dutta, Sulagna;E'mar, Abdel Rahman;Ebrahimi, Hooman;Edinur, Hisham Atan;Effendi, Diyan Ermawan;Eghbali, Foolad;Sedeh, Ashkan Eighaei;Ejaz, Taymmia;Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus;El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat;Abdou El Meligy, Omar Abdelsadek;Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed;El-Ashker, Said;Elemam, Noha Mousaad;Elhadi, Muhammed;Elsohaby, Ibrahim;Eltaha, Chadi;Emeto, Theophilus I.;Bin Emran, Talha;Eslami, Majid;Eslami, Maysa;Esmaeili, Sayed Vahid;Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun;Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis;Fahim, Ayesha;Faiz, Razana;Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich;Farahmand, Mohammad;Farghaly, Mohsen A.;Faro, Andre;Farrokhpour, Hossein;Farsakoury, Rana;Fasihi, Kiana;Fasina, Modupe Margaret;Fatima, Zareen;Fauk, Nelsensius Klau;Ferrara, Pietro;Ferreira, Nuno;Fischer, Florian;Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin;Fonzo, Marco;Fornari, Arianna;Fortuna, Daniela;Foschi, Matteo;Fotouhi, Maryam;Fu, Jinming;Sridevi, G.;Gadanya, Muktar A.;Gaipov, Abduzhappar;Gallus, Silvano;Gandhi, Aravind P.;Ganesan, Balasankar;Gatzioufas, Zisis;Gautam, Rupesh K.;Gebregergis, Miglas Welay;Getie, Molla;Ghadimi, Delaram J.;Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi;Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed;Gheno, Gloria;Gholamalizadeh, Maryam;Gholamrezanezhad, Ali;Ghotbi, Elena;Ghuge, Arun;Gil, Artyom Urievich;Gillum, Richard F.;Girmay, Alem Abera;Golechha, Mahaveer;Goodarzian, MReza;Goodridge, Amador;Grada, Ayman;Grivna, Michal;Grover, Ashna;Guan, Zhongyang;Guarducci, Giovanni;Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen;Guicciardi, Stefano;Gulati, Snigdha;Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga;Guo, Cui;Gupta, Anish Kumar;Gupta, Bhawna;Gupta, Lalit;Gupta, Rajeev;Gupta, Veer Bala;Gupta, Vivek Kumar;Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven;Habibzadeh, Farrokh;Hadei, Mostafa;Haghmorad, Dariush;Haller, Sebastian;Halwani, Rabih;Hamdy, Nadia M.;Hammoud, Ahmad;Han, Changwoo;Hanna, Fahad;Hargono, Arief;Haro, Josep Maria;Hasan, Md. Kamrul;Hasan, Mohammad Jahid;Hasani, Hamidreza;Hasanpour-Dehkordi, Ali;Hassan, Nageeb;Hassan, Shoaib;Haubold, Johannes;He, Jiawei;He, Wen-Qiang;Heibati, Behzad;Helfer, Bartosz;Hemmati, Mehdi;Hiraike, Yuta;Hoang, Minh;Holla, Ramesh;Horita, Nobuyuki;Hossain, Sabbir;Hossain, Md. Belal;Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi;Hostiuc, Sorin;Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong;Huang, Junjie;Humayun, Ayesha;Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes;Hushmandi, Kiavash;Hussain, Javid;Hussein, Nawfal R.;Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim;Huy, Le Duc;Huynh, Hong-Han;Hwang, Bing-Fang;Iavicoli, Ivo;Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel;Ibrayeva, Anel;Ikuta, Kevin S.;Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen;Ilic, Irena M.;Ilic, Milena D.;Immurana, Mustapha;Inok, Arit;Iqhrammullah, Muhammad;Isa, Mustafa Alhaji;Islam, Md. Rabiul;Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah;Ispayeva, Zhanat Bakhitovna;Iyasu, Assefa N.;Iyer, Mahalaxmi;J, Vinothini;Jacob, Louis;Jafarzadeh, Abdollah;Jahrami, Haitham;Jain, Nityanand;Jaiswal, Vikash;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo;Javankiani, Sepide;Jawaid, Talha;Jayapal, Sathish Kumar;Jayaram, Shubha;Jebasingh, Felix K.;Jee, Sun Ha;Jha, Ravi Prakash;Jia, Yusheng;Jin, Wenyi;Jonas, Jost B.;Joo, Tamas;Jose, Jobinse;Joseph, Nitin;Jyoti, Anupam;K, Vaishali;Kaambwa, Billingsley;Kabir, Zubair;Kabito, Gebisa Guyasa;Kamath, Rajesh;Kanaan, Saddam Fuad;Kankam, Samuel Berchi;Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam;Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem;Kant, Surya;Kantar, Rami S.;Kanungo, Srikanta;Behnagh, Arman Karimi;Kauppila, Joonas H.;Kazemi, Foad;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga;Khader, Yousef Saleh;Khajuria, Himanshu;Khalifa, Hazim O.;Khalilian, Alireza;Khamesipour, Faham;Khan, M. Nuruzzaman;Khan, Maseer;Khan, Mohammad Jobair;Khan, Moien AB;Khanal, Vishnu;Khatab, Khaled;Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad;Khidri, Feriha Fatima;Khosravi, Majid;Kim, Kwanghyun;Kim, Yun Jin;Kimokoti, Ruth W.;Kinati, Tadele;Kisa, Adnan;Kisa, Sezer;Kivimäki, Mika;Knibbs, Luke D.;Kolahi, Ali-Asghar;Kompani, Farzad;Koomson, Isaac;Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich;Korzh, Oleksii;Kostev, Karel;Kothari, Nikhil;Krishan, Kewal;Kritikos, Neoklis;Kuddus, Mohammed;Kuitunen, Ilari;Kulimbet, Mukhtar;Kumar, Dewesh;Kumar, Jogender;Kumar, Rakesh;Kundu, Satyajit;Kunutsor, Setor K.;Kurmanova, Almagul;Kurmi, Om P.;Kurniasari, Maria Dyah;Kyei-Arthur, Frank;Kytö, Ville;C. La Vecchia;Ladan, Muhammad Awwal;Lahariya, Chandrakant;Lai, Hanpeng;Lám, Judit;Lan, Qing;Lanfranchi, Francesco;Latief, Kamaluddin;Latifinaibin, Kaveh;Lauriola, Paolo;Le, Huu-Hoai;Hanh Le, Nhi Huu;Thi Thu Le, Thao;Thanh Le, Trang Diep;Ledda, Caterina;Lee, Seung Won;Lee, Wei-Chen;Leivaditis, Vasileios;Leong, Elvynna;Li, Jiaying;Li, Ming-Chieh;Li, Wei;Ligade, Virendra S.;Lim, Stephen S.;Lin, Jialing;Lin, Queran;Lin, Ro-Ting;Liu, Chaojie;Liu, Gang;Liu, Jue;Liu, Xuefeng;López-Gil, José Francisco;Lopukhov, Platon D.;Lotufo, Paulo A.;Lucchetti, Giancarlo;Lugo, Alessandra;Luo, Hong;Ma, Zheng Feei;Mabrok, Mahmoud;Madadi, Firoozeh;Mahalleh, Mehrdad;Malik, Iram;Malinovschi, Andrei;Malta, Deborah Carvalho;Mamun, Abdullah A.;Manla, Yosef;Mannethodi, Kamaruddeen;Mansouri, Vahid;Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni;Manu, Emmanuel;Marasini, Bishnu P.;Marateb, Hamid Reza;Martinez-Guerra, Bernardo Alfonso;Martini, Santi;Martorell, Miquel;März, Winfried;Marzo, Roy Rillera;Marzouk, Sammer;Masoudi, Alireza;Mathangasinghe, Yasith;Mathioudakis, Alexander G.;Mathur, Medha;Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido;Mattiello, Rita;Maude, Richard James;Maugeri, Andrea;May, Juergen;McPhail, Steven M.;Mechili, Enkeleint A.;Mehmood, Asim;Meto, Tesfahun Mekene;Meles, Hadush Negash;Melese, Addisu;Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh;Menezes, Ritesh G.;Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A.;Merati, Mohsen;Meretoja, Atte;Meretoja, Tuomo J.;Mestrovic, Tomislav;Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege;Mettananda, Sachith;Mhlanga, Adquate;Mhlanga, Laurette;Miller, Ted R.;Minervini, Giuseppe;Nhat Minh, Le Huu;Mini, GK;Misganaw, Awoke;Misra, Arup Kumar;Mittal, Ankit;Mittal, Madhukar;Mohamed, Nouh Saad;Mohammad, Ameen Mosa;Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim;Mohammed, Mustapha;Mohsin, Aleenah;Mokdad, Ali H.;Molinaro, Sabrina;Momani, Shaher;Monasta, Lorenzo;Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi;Moradi, Maryam;Moradi, Yousef;Morawska, Lidia;Mosquera, Freiser Eceomo Cruz;Mossialos, Elias;Mousavi, Parsa;Msherghi, Ahmed;Muccioli, Lorenzo;Mukherjee, Sumoni;Mukoro, George Duke;Mulita, Francesk;Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham;Murillo-Zamora, Efren;Murray, Christopher J. L.;Mustafa, Ghulam;Muthupandian, Saravanan;Myung, Woojae;Naghavi, Mohsen;Naghavi, Pirouz;Naik, Ganesh R.;Naik, Gurudatta;Nainu, Firzan;Najdaghi, Soroush;Nambi, Gopal;Nangia, Vinay;Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha;Nargus, Shumaila;Davani, Delaram Narimani;Nascimento, Gustavo G.;Nashwan, Abdulqadir J.;Nasrollahizadeh, Ali;Nasrollahizadeh, Amir;Natto, Zuhair S.;Nauman, Javaid;Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari;Nayak, Biswa Prakash;Nayak, Shalini Ganesh;Nayak, Vinod C.;Nayyar, Ashish Kumar;Nazri-Panjaki, Athare;Negahdary, Masoud;Negoi, Ionut;Negoi, Ruxandra Irina;Nepal, Samata;Ngunjiri, Josephine W.;Nguyen, Dang;Thi Hien Nguyen, Hau;Nguyen, Phuong The;Nguyen, Van Thanh;Khoi, Quan Nguyen;Niknam, Nafise;Nikoobar, Ali;Nikravangolsefid, Nasrin;Nnaji, Chukwudi A.;Nomura, Shuhei;Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi;Nunemo, Mengistu H.;Nurrika, Dieta;Oancea, Bogdan;Oboh, Mary Aigbiremo;Odetokun, Ismail A.;Oduro, Michael Safo;Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O. D.;Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu;Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R.;Okeke, Sylvester Reuben;Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul;Okonji, Osaretin Christabel;Okwute, Patrick Godwin;Olagunju, Andrew T.;Olatubi, Matthew Idowu;Omer, Goran Latif;Ong, Sok King;Ordak, Michal;Orish, Verner N.;Ortiz, Alberto;Ortiz-Prado, Esteban;Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi;Ouyahia, Amel;Oyelade, Tope;A, Mahesh P.;Padron-Monedero, Alicia;Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra;Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.;Panos, Georgios D.;Panos, Leonidas D.;Papadopoulou, Paraskevi;Parija, Pragyan Paramita;Parikh, Romil R.;Park, Eun-Kee;Park, Sungchul;Parvar, S. Yasamin;Pasovic, Maja;Passera, Roberto;Patil, Shankargouda;Patoulias, Dimitrios;Paudel, Uttam;Pedersini, Paolo;Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino;Peprah, Prince;Perianayagam, Arokiasamy;Perna, Simone;Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily;Pham, Hoang Nhat;Pham, Tom;Philip, Anil K.;Poddighe, Dimitri;Polibin, Roman V.;Avudaiappan, Arjun Pon;Postma, Maarten J.;Pourghazi, Farzad;Pourshams, Akram;Prashant, Akila;Prates, Elton Junio Sady;Puvvula, Jagadeesh;Qasim, Nameer Hashim;Qazi, Asma Saleem;Qiu, Jia-Yong;Deepthi, R.;Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman;Rafiei, Alireza;Rahimi, Zahra;Rahman, Md. Mosfequr;Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur;Rahman, Mosiur;Rahman, Muhammad Aziz;Rahmanian, Mohammad;Raina, Sunil Kumar;Rajaa, Sathish;Rajan, Abin K.;Rajendran, Vinoth;Rajput, Prashant;Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed;Ramasamy, Chitra;Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran;Ramazanu, Sheena;Ramezanzadeh, Kiana;Rana, Kritika;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal;Rancic, Nemanja;Rani, Usha;Rao, Mithun;Rashedi, Vahid;Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa;Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi;Rathish, Devarajan;Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar;Rawaf, Salman;Rawal, Lal;Redwan, Elrashdy M.;Rehman, Aqeeb Ur;Reyes, Luis Felipe;Rezaei, Nazila;Rezaeian, Mohsen;Rocha, Hermano Alexandre Lima;da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodrigues;Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia;Roever, Leonardo;Rohilla, Ravi;Rokni, Mohsen;Ronfani, Luca;Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan;Rout, Himanshu Sekhar;Roy, Nitai;Roy, Priyanka;Roy, Shubhanjali;Roy, Simanta;Runghien, Tilleye;Saadeddin, Adnan;Saah, Farrukh Ishaque I.;Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed;Sabet, Cameron John;Sabour, Siamak;Saddik, Basema Ahmad;Saeed, Mohd;Saeed, Umar;Saeedi, Maryam;Safari, Mehdi;Saghafi, Alireza;Sagoe, Dominic;Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb;Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb;Sahebkar, Amirhossein;Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa;Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop;Sajadi, S. Mohammad;Sajib, Refat Uz Zaman;Sajid, Mirza Rizwan;Salaroli, Luciane B.;Saleh, Mohamed A.;Salemcity, Aanuoluwa James;Salimi, Sohrab;Samaranayake, Jayami Eshana;Samargandy, Saad;Sami, Waqas;Samy, Abdallah M.;Sankar, Sathish;Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.;Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao;Saravanan, Aswini;Sarode, Gargi Sachin;Sarode, Sachin C.;Sartorius, Benn;Sathian, Brijesh;Sathyanarayan, Anudeep;Satpathy, Maheswar;Saulam, Jennifer;Sawhney, Monika;Saya, Ganesh Kumar;Sayeed, Abu;Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael;Schinckus, Christophe;Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola;Sedighi, Mansour;Selvaraj, Siddharthan;Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret;Sengupta, Pallav;Serban, Dragos;Sethi, Yashendra;Sha'aban, Abubakar;Shafie, Mahan;Shahab, Muhammad;Shaharudin, Shazlin;Shahid, Samiah;Shahwan, Moyad Jamal;Shaikh, Masood Ali;Shakeri, Alireza;Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib;Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran;Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Ali;Shamsi, Anas;Shamsutdinova, Alfiya;Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse;Sharfaei, Sadaf;Sharifan, Amin;Rad, Javad Sharifi;Sharma, Manoj;Sharma, Vishal;Shastry, Rajesh P.;Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer;Sherchan, Samendra P.;Shetty, Pavanchand H.;Shetty, Premalatha K.;Shiferaw, Desalegn;Shigematsu, Mika;Shittu, Aminu;Eshkiki, Zahra Shokati;Shool, Sina;Shrestha, Sunil;Si, Yafei;Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar;Sidiq, Mohammad;Rodrigues Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes;Singh, Amit;Singh, Baljinder;Singh, Harmanjit;Singh, Jasvinder A.;Singh, Kalpana;Singh, Surjit;Sinha, Mukesh Kumar;Sinto, Robert;Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna;Sobia, Farrukh;Sokhan, Anton;Solanki, Shipra;Solikhah, Solikhah;Soliman, Sameh S. M.;Sood, Aayushi;Soraneh, Soroush;Sorensen, Reed J. D.;Soriano, Joan B.;Soyiri, Ireneous N.;Spartalis, Michael;Spearman, Sandra;Srichawla, Bahadar S.;Steiropoulos, Paschalis;Stockfelt, Leo;Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan;Sun, Jing;Sun, Zhong;Suresh, Vinay;Swain, Chandan Kumar;Szarpak, Lukasz;Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad;Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir;Tabche, Celine;Tabish, Mohammad;Taha, Seyed Reza;Abkenar, Yasaman Taheri;Taiba, Jabeen;Talaat, Iman M.;Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze;Tan, Ker-Kan;Tat, Nathan Y.;Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad;Telayneh, Animut Takele;Temesgen, Worku Animaw;Temsah, Mohamad-Hani;Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman;Sundaram, Mahalakshmi Thayumana;Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish;Tiwari, Krishna;Tiwari, Vikas Kumar;Tomo, Sojit;Topor-Madry, Roman;Tran, Jasmine T.;Tran, Ngoc Ha;Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong;Tran, Thang Huu;Trico, Domenico;Tripathy, Jaya Prasad;Tromans, Samuel Joseph;Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai;Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya;Udoakang, Aniefiok John;Ullah, Atta;Ullah, Irfan;Ullah, Saeed;Umar, Umar Muhammad;Undurraga, Eduardo A.;Unim, Brigid;Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran;Upadhyay, Era;Uppal, Dipan;Usman, Jibrin Sammani;Van den Eynde, Jef;Vasankari, Tommi Juhani;Vellingiri, Balachandar;Verma, Madhur;Veroux, Massimiliano;Verras, Georgios-Ioannis;Villa, Simone;Villafañe, Jorge Hugo;Violante, Francesco S.;Wang, Xing;Wang, Yanzhong;Waqar, Ahmed Bilal;Waqas, Muhammad;Westerman, Ronny;Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman;Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth;Willeit, Peter;Wojewodzic, Marcin W.;Wubie, Yihun Miskir;Hanson, Sarah Wulf;Xia, Zhijia;Xiao, Lishun;Xu, Xiaoyue;Xue, Mingyang;Yadav, Lalit;Yadav, Mukesh Kumar;Yano, Yuichiro;Yasufuku, Yuichi;Yaya, Sanni;Ye, Pengpeng;Yezli, Saber;Yonemoto, Naohiro;Youssef, Mohammed;Yu, Chuanhua;Zakham, Fathiah;Zaki, Nazar;Zastrozhin, Michael;Zawiah, Mohammed;Zhang, Jingya;Zhang, Yunquan;Zhang, Zhi-Jiang;Zheng, Jinxin;Zhong, Anthony;Zhong, Claire Chenwen;Zhou, Jiayan;Bin Zhu, null;Zhumagaliuly, Abzal;Zia, Hafsa;Zielińska, Magdalena;Zitoun, Osama A.;Zoghi, Ghazal;Zyoud, Sa'ed H.;Zyoud, Samer H.;Hay, Simon I.;Il Shin, Jae;

2026

Abstract

Chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary sarcoidosis, are major global causes of mortality and morbidity. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced acute respiratory health, its impact on chronic respiratory conditions remains unclear. We estimated the global, regional and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2023, including risk factors, and evaluated how these burdens have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. In 2023, chronic respiratory diseases accounted for 569.2 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 508.8-639.8) cases and 4.2 million (3.6-5.1) deaths. The age-standardized death rate declined by 25.7% globally from 1990 to 2023 despite an increase in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Mortality declined in younger males, especially for asthma, whereas older adults experienced a rise in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Smoking was the primary risk factor for COPD, whereas high body mass index and silica exposure were key risk factors for asthma and pneumoconiosis. During the pandemic, the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases increased modestly, but the decline in mortality rates became more pronounced, highlighting the need for sustained global attention and action to address their long-term burden.

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	Parole chiave
	
				GBD chronic respiratory diseases; impact on COVID 19
			
	Settori scientifico-disciplinari dell'articolo (validi dal 09/05/2024)
	
				Settore MEDS-24/A - Statistica medica
			
	Data di pubblicazione
	
				gen-2026
			
	Rivista in ANCE
	
				NATURE MEDICINE
			
	DOI
	
				https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04077-9
			
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				01 - Articolo su periodico

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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1242415

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