Complexity of cardiovascular regulation and its association with physical and cardiorespiratory fitness in male individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular regulation complexity (CRC) is an underexplored health marker in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, associating CRC with physical and cardiorespiratory fitness variables could provide greater insight into how physical conditioning impacts cardiovascular health in the context of T2DM. This study aims to investigate whether the relationship between physical and cardiorespiratory fitness and CRC differs according to the presence or absence of T2DM. Methods: Sixty-eight men were equally divided into the T2DM group (T2DMG; 57 +/- 6 years old and 28.4 +/- 3.1 kg/m2) and the control group (CG; 52 +/- 5 years old and 25.1 +/- 2.8 kg/m2). Participants underwent a resting cardiovascular data collection and a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. For each group, the relative peak power (W/kgPEAK) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2PEAK) were correlated with the CRC indices, namely, Shannon entropy, the complexity index, the normalized complexity index, and the sample entropy from heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) series. A partial correlation was performed for each group, controlling for age, physical activity level, and metabolic cart. Results: Only the CG showed positive and significant correlations between relative VO2PEAK and W/kgPEAK and CRC indices derived from the HP series (0.354 <= r <= 0.548 and 0.001 <= p <= 0.047). Correlations with the SAP series were not significant, regardless of the groups. Conclusions: In this sample, there was no positive relationship between physical and cardiorespiratory fitness variables and CRC indices among individuals with T2DM. Further large sample studies are needed to elucidate the factors involved in T2DM that impact CRC.