Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a literature review

Aim: This study analyses Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), focusing on its multifactorial etiology, diagnostic methodologies, and available therapeutic options. The work specifically aims to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the strategic role of the orthodontist in the clinical management of this often under diagnosed pathology. Materials and methods: the research was conducted by consulting the Medline database and between 2000 and 2005. Approximately 2000 contribution concerning human clinical studies were analyzed, integrated with chapters from specialized texts and sector journals. Selection was based on the relevance of data regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the efficacy of medical and dental treatment. Results and conclusions: The analysis reveals thar OSAS has a significant prevalence, estimated between 2-4% in men and 1-2% in adult women, and is caused by a combination of anatomic factors (such as airway narrowing or craniofacial anomalies) and neurological factors (reduced pharyngeal muscle activity). Key symptoms include habitual snoring, morning headache, and excessive daytime sleepiness, with severe repercussions on cognitive performance. While polysomnography remains the “gold standard” for diagnosis and severity classification via the AHI index, therapeutic strategies range from CPAP to surgery. A significant finding concerns the efficacy of Mandibular advancement device (MADs), which represent a valid therapeutic alternative for mild to moderate cases and for patients noncompliant with forced ventilation. In conclusion, since OSAS is strictly linked to serious systemic risks such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and an increase in workplace or road accidents, early diagnosis is essential. The orthodontist plays a key role within the multidisciplinary team, being able to intercept clinical signs of the syndrome and actively intervene in restoring physiological functions and improving the patient’s quality of life.