Systematic review of literature regarding the isolation of mesenchymal adult stem cells from the olfactory epithelium

Background: The olfactory mucosa has emerged as a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells with neurogenic potential. These cells exhibit neural, glial, and mesenchymal properties, making them attractive candidates for regenerative medicine, particularly in treating neurodegenerative and immunemediated disorders. Methods: This systematic review analyzed existing literature on the isolation, characterization, and therapeutic applications of olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells. The review assessed variations in isolation techniques, culture conditions, and differentiation potential, as well as preclinical and clinical applications. Results: Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells express key neural and mesenchymal markers, including Nestin, SRY-box 2, Glial Fibrillary Acidic protein, CD44, and CD105, confirming their multilineage differentiation capacity. Their ability to secrete neurotrophic factors such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Nerve Growth Factor, and Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor underscores their role in neural repair. While most studies successfully isolated olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells via biopsy, differences in sampling depth and culture media influenced cell yield and growth patterns. Preclinical studies suggest that olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) may represent a promising experimental model for neurological disorders—including Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, schizophrenia, and retinal diseases—although current evidence remains preliminary and translational efficacy has not yet been established. However, challenges remain in standardizing protocols, addressing donor variability, and ensuring clinical safety. Conclusion: Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising avenue for neurological and regenerative therapies. Despite their potential, further research is needed to optimize isolation techniques, enhance reproducibility, and navigate regulatory hurdles. Collaborative efforts between researchers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies will be essential to translating OM-MSC research into viable clinical applications.