Drug use disorders (DUDs) are emerging global public health challenges. Here we investigated the global and regional estimates of the prevalence and burden of DUDs, including amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use disorders, from 1990 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories by using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Overall, trends in global age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years of DUDs increased from 169.3 (95% uncertainty interval (95% UI), 134.4–203.9) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 212.0 (95% UI, 179.2–245.6) in 2023. In 2023, both prevalence and burden of DUDs were higher in high-income countries, particularly in the USA. The most prevalent DUDs in 2023 were cannabis use disorder (age-standardized prevalence, 270.8 (95% UI, 201.7–350.0) per 100,000 people) and opioid use disorder (205.9 (95% UI, 178.7–235.0)). Particularly, opioid use disorder showed a nearly twofold increase in prevalence and burden between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, compared with countries where cannabis use was illegal, countries permitting both recreational and medical cannabis use had higher prevalence rates for all types of DUDs. Proactive and effective policies are essential to mitigate the increasing global burden of DUDs.

Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study / J. Kang, H.J. Kim, M.S. Kim, S.H. Zyoud, M. Zielinska, B. Zhu, A. Zhong, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, M.G.M. Zeariya, A. Zanghi, F. Zakham, H. Yusuf, C. Yu, N. Yonemoto, P. Yip, D. Yin, R. Yesodharan, Z.S. Yahaya, A. Wilandika, N.D. Wickramasinghe, S. Wang, Y.-. Wang, M.T. Walde, Y. Waheed, I.S. Vujcic, M. Vinayak, G.-. Verras, S. Vaziri, T.J. Vasankari, J. Varghese, J.V.D. Eynde, A.G. Vaithinathan, A. Ullah, S. Ullah, A.J. Udoakang, M. Tumurkhuu, A.R. Tualeka, E.E. Tsermpini, A. Tsatsakis, A.C. Tsai, S.J. Tromans, N.T.M. Duc, T.H. Tran, M.R. Tovani-Palone, M. Torrado, J. Todorovic, T.Y. Tiruye, K.R. Thankappan, M. Teramoto, M.-. Temsah, R. Temsah, Y.G. Tefera, M. Tareke, K.-. Tan, M. Tampa, S.M. Tabatabaei, R. Tabares-Seisdedos, P.T. Damavandi, L. Szarpak, C.K. Swain, V. Suresh, M. Suleman, V. Subramaniyan, D.J. Stein, C.T. Sreeramareddy, I.N. Soyiri, J.B. Soriano, S. Soraneh, M. Soboka, F. Sobia, A.A. Skryabina, V.Y. Skryabin, S. Singh, H. Singh, P. Singh, B. Singh, J.A. Singh, L.M.L.R. Silva, J.P. Silva, I.D. Sigfusdottir, E.E. Siddig, R. Shrestha, S. Shrestha, S.A. Shorofi, A. Shittu, P.H. Shetty, P.K. Shettys, M. Shetty, A. Sheidaei, V. Sharma, U. Sharma, M. Sharma, J.S. Rad, A. Sharifan, A. Shamsutdinova, M. Shams-Beyranvand, S. Sham, A. Shakeri, M.A. Shaikh, M.J. Shahwan, S. Shahid, A.A. Shaheen, M. Shafie, M. Shabani, A. Sha'Aban, A. Seylani, Y. Sethi, A.K. Sendekie, D.C. Schwebel, A.E. Schumacher, M. Saylan, M. Sawhney, M. Satpathy, G.S. Sarode, S.C. Sarode, Y. Sarikhani, M.A.N. Saqib, M.M. Santric-Milicevic, A.M. Samy, G.A. Salum, D. Salihu, M.A. Saleh, A.A. Salami, M.R. Sajid, S.M. Sajadi, P.M. Sahoo, A. Sahebkar, R. Sagar, U. Saeed, M.R. Saeb, M. Sadeghi, B.A. Saddik, C.J. Sabet, G. De Andrade Ruela, S. Roy, H.S. Rout, A.G.P. Ross, K.T. Root, M.K.K. Rony, R. Rohilla, L. Roever, T.G. Rhee, M. Rezaeian, N. Rezaei, D.L. Rawaf, I. Rautalin, S.K. Rauniyar, D. Rathish, A. Rasouli-Saravani, S. Rani, N. Rancic, S.K. Ramasamy, M. Ramadan, M.M. Ramadan, P.L. Rajpoot, R. Rajabi, A.M. Rahmani, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, S. Rahimibarghani, F. Rahim, I. Qattea, J. Puvvula, E.J.S. Prates, D. Prabhu, A. Pourshams, R. Poluru, E. Plotnikov, M.R. Phillips, A.K. Philip, H.N. Pham, S. Perna, M. Pereira, M.O. Pereira, G. Pereira, P. Peprah, A.E. Peden, H.P. Toroudi, S. Pawar, S. Patil, J. Patel, S.K. Patel, R. Passera, A. Pashaei, S. Park, R.R. Parikh, U. Parekh, S. Pardhan, P. Papadopoulou, I. Pantazopoulos, G.D. Panos, S.R. Pandi-Perumal, A. Pandey, D.P. Katare, S.K. Panda, R.F. Palma-Alvarez, J.R. Padubidri, P.A. Mahesh, A. Ouyahia, U.L. Osuagwu, E. Ortiz-Prado, V.N. Orish, M. Ordak, A.O. Bali, Y.D. Oluwafemi, G.M.M. Oliveira, S.R. Okeke, A.O.D. Ofakunrin, M.S. Oduro, I.A. Odetokun, K.O. Obamiro, B. Oancea, C.I. Nzoputam, O.J. Nzoputam, C.A. Nri-Ezedi, S.T.A. Noor, L.A. Nnyanzi, V. Niranjan, A. Nikoobar, P.T. Nguyen, A. Nazri-Panjaki, V.C. Nayak, B.P. Nayak, J. Nauman, Z.S. Natto, G.G. Nascimento, D.N. Davani, S. Nargus, S. Najdaghi, M.D. Naimzada, P. Naghavi, W. Myung, S. Muthu, Y. Munkhsaikhan, M. Muniyandi, S. Mubarik, A.M. Khaneghah, R. Motappa, M. Motaghinejad, Y. Moradi, A.M. Ghalibaf, M.A. Moni, L. Monasta, S. Molinaro, A.H. Mokdad, S. Mohan, M. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J. Mohamed, N.S. Mohamed, B. Moazen, P. Mithra, E.M. Mirrakhimov, A. Mirica, G.K. Mini, G. Minervini, T.R. Miller, I.M. Michalek, P. Meylakhs, T. Mestrovic, T.J. Meretoja, R.G. Menezes, H.N. Meles, A. Mehmood, J.K. Meena, P.K. Maulik, R.R. Marzo, J. Martinez-Raga, R. Martinez-Piedra, J.C. Maravilla, B.P. Marasini, D.C. Malta, A. Majeed, M. Mahalleh, M. Mabrok, K. Lunze, G. Lucchetti, A. Lonimath, E. Llanaj, J. Lin, V.S. Ligade, Z. Li, S.M. Legesse, W.-. Lee, S.W. Lee, C. Ledda, L. Khanh-Dao Le, S. Lasrado, F. Lanfranchi, V. Kyto, F. Kyei-Arthur, E.F. Kyei, D. Kusuma, S. Kundu, M. Kumar, R. Kumar, D. Kumar, M. Kulimbet, N. Kugbey, M. Kuddus, Y. Krishnamoorthy, V. Krishnamoorthy, V. Krishna, K. Krishan, S.L.K. Laxminarayana, K. Kostev, M. Koscik, H.R. Koohestani, A.-. Kolahi, K.M. Shivakumar, A. Kisa, Y.J. Kim, Z.D. Kifle, M. Khokhar, M.M. Khatatbeh, H. Khatatbeh, K. Khatab, A. Khan, M.J. Khan, A. Khalid, H. Khajuria, G.A. Kayode, S.V. Katikireddi, S.E. Karimi, Y. Karimi, N. Kapoor, R.S. Kantar, K.K. Kanmodi, E.W. Kanmiki, A. Kamath, S.K. Kamarajah, E. Kalan, V. Kadashetti, Z. Kabir, K. Vaishali, J.J. Jozwiak, C.E. Joshua, N. Joseph, M.M.J. Moghadam, Z. Ji, R.D. Jayasinghe, R.J. Yengejeh, S. Jaka, A.A. Jairoun, A. Jain, H. Jahrami, L. Jacob, M.R. Islam, S.M.S. Islam, L.M. Irham, F. Iravanpour, A. Inok, M. Immurana, A. Ikiroma, J. Huang, C. Hu, M. Hostiuc, S. Hostiuc, M.B. Hossain, K. Hezam, M. Heidari, K. Hedna, M.S. Hasnain, A.I. Hasaballah, J.M. Haro, S. Handanagic, A. Hammoud, D. Haghmorad, R. Haddadi, R.S. Gutierrez-Murillo, S. Gupta, B. Gupta, A.K. Gupta, S. Gunturu, M.D. Gudeta, S.-. Guan, A. Grada, A.A. Girmay, A.U. Gil, L. Ghalichi, K.Y. Ghailan, F. Ghadirian, G.K. Getahun, A.A. Gelaye, T.G. Gebremeskel, M.W. Gebregergis, P. Gautam, B. Ganesan, A.P. Gandhi, A.M. Gaidhane, P.A. Gaal, T. Fukumoto, J. Friedman, M. Foschi, C.F. Rodrigues, B. Foroutan, L.S. Flor, I. Fitriana, F. Fischer, G. Fetensa, N. Ferreira, A. Ferrari, G. Fekadu, A. Feizkhah, A. Fatehizadeh, A. Faro, C.S.E.S. Farinha, I.R. Fakhradiyev, A. Fahim, O.F. Fagbule, A.O. Fadaka, F. Etaee, I. Elsohaby, M. Elhadi, I.F. El Bayoumy, R.A. El Arab, M.A. Eladl, T.C. Ekundayo, M. Ekholuenetale, F. Eghbali, A. Eftekharimehrabad, K. Edvardsson, H.A. Edinur, E. Eboreime, S. Duraisamy, R.K. Dowou, O.P. Doshi, R.P. Doshi, S. Dohare, D.D. Ding, A.S. Dhane, K. Deuba, H.D. Desai, E. Dervisevic, D. Demant, R.D.C. Soltani, P.I. Dargan, S.D. Darcho, X. Dai, O. Dadras, E. D'Amico, S.R. Clark, S.G. Choudhari, B. Chong, J.L. Chirinos-Caceres, P.R. Ching, F. Chichagi, G. Chi, L. Chen, A. Chaurasia, D. Chauhan, A.A. Chaudhary, V.K. Chattu, J.-. Chang, R.M. Chandika, C. Chakraborty, A. Caye, G. Castelpietra, J.M. Castaldelli-Maia, M. Carvalho, A. Capodici, C. Cao, L.A. Camera, D. Calina, M.C. Barsbay, Z.A. Butt, Y. Bustanji, R.A. Burns, A.R. Brunoni, S. Bouaoud, G. Borges, A. Boloor, M.K. Boachie, M. Biswas, B.S. Bintoro, G.K. Bhatti, J.S. Bhatti, S. Bhaskar, A.S. Bhagavathula, K.A. Beyene, A.N.C. Bermudez, M. Bemanalizadeh, B. Behnam, M.-. Bastan, A. Bashiri, A. Barrow, H.J. Barqawiil, M. Bardhan, M.F. Baran, M. Banach, A.A. Baig, R. Bai, R. Bahreini, N. Bagheri, N. Baghcheghi, A.Y. Azzam, L.A.A. Ayana, A. Aujayeb, A. Atreya, S.S. Athari, M.S. Aslam, T. Ashraf, M. Asghari-Jafarabadi, A.A. Artamonov, M. Arooj, B. Armocida, D. Areda, I. Ardani, A.M. Araujo, J. Arabloo, B.S. Anuoluwa, I.A. Anuoluwa, C.M. Antony, C.A.T. Antonio, A. Anil, G.A. Amusa, M. Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, S. Amiri, W.A. Al-Zyoud, K.H. Alzoubi, H. Aly, Y.M. Al-Worafi, M. Al-Wardat, N. Alvis-Guzman, Y.A. Thaher, A.B. Al-Tammemi, N.Z. Alshahrani, S.M. Alrousan, R.H. Al-Rifai, A. Alrawashdeh, S.W. Al-Jabi, S.M. Alif, M.D. Ali, S.S. Ali, L. Ali, M.U. Ali, F.N. Alhalaiqa, A.M. Algammal, W.A. Aldhaleei, M. Albashtawy, R.M. Al-Amer, M.M. Alajlani, M.A. Akkaif, M.S. Ahmed, A. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, H. Ahmed, S.A. Ahmed, A. Ahmadi, D. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, A. Ahmad, W. Agyemang-Duah, S. Afzal, M.S. Afzal, K. Adhikari, T.E. Adeyeoluwa, H.O. Adewuyi, O.T. Adeleke, I.Y. Addo, M.M. Adane, A. Abu-Zaid, S. Aburuz, E. Abu-Gharbieh, B. Abubakar, I.J. Abubakar, D. Abtahi, R.G. Aboagye, O. Abiodun, O.O. Abiodun, R.A.A. Zuniga, M. Abdoun, M. Abdollahi, A. Abdollahi, M. Abdelmasseh, S.A. Elhafeez, M. Abbasian, N. Abbas, Y.H. Abate, H. Aalruz, J. Il Shin, J.I. Shin, D.K. Yon. - In: NATURE MEDICINE. - ISSN 1078-8956. - 32:2(2026 Feb), pp. 527-544. [Epub ahead of print] [10.1038/s41591-025-04137-0]

Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study

S. Perna;
2026

Abstract

Drug use disorders (DUDs) are emerging global public health challenges. Here we investigated the global and regional estimates of the prevalence and burden of DUDs, including amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use disorders, from 1990 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories by using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Overall, trends in global age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years of DUDs increased from 169.3 (95% uncertainty interval (95% UI), 134.4–203.9) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 212.0 (95% UI, 179.2–245.6) in 2023. In 2023, both prevalence and burden of DUDs were higher in high-income countries, particularly in the USA. The most prevalent DUDs in 2023 were cannabis use disorder (age-standardized prevalence, 270.8 (95% UI, 201.7–350.0) per 100,000 people) and opioid use disorder (205.9 (95% UI, 178.7–235.0)). Particularly, opioid use disorder showed a nearly twofold increase in prevalence and burden between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, compared with countries where cannabis use was illegal, countries permitting both recreational and medical cannabis use had higher prevalence rates for all types of DUDs. Proactive and effective policies are essential to mitigate the increasing global burden of DUDs.
Settore MEDS-08/C - Scienza dell'alimentazione e delle tecniche dietetiche applicate
feb-2026
16-gen-2026
Article (author)
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
4251-GBD2023 Substance Use Disorders Revised.pdf

accesso riservato

Tipologia: Publisher's version/PDF
Licenza: Nessuna licenza
Dimensione 4.71 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
4.71 MB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia
The Chemical Transformations of C1 Compounds - 2022 - Wu - Carbonylation of Nitroarenes and Related Compounds.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Post-print, accepted manuscript ecc. (versione accettata dall'editore)
Licenza: Publisher
Dimensione 1.01 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
1.01 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Pubblicazioni consigliate

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1231584
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? 1
  • Scopus 1
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 1
  • OpenAlex ND
social impact