Recent advances in transformer-based architectures and large-scale benchmarks have significantly improved Natural Language Processing performance. However, domain-specific areas such as law pose unique challenges due to specialized terminology, complex semantics, and limited annotated data. In this paper, we benchmark ASKE, a knowledge extraction approach designed to capture latent semantic structures in legal texts, against state-of-the-art legal-domain models using the LexGLUE datasets. We analyze its performance across diverse legal tasks through pseudo-precision and pseudo-recall metrics, highlighting its strengths, limitations, and adaptability. Based on the experimental results, we discuss potential application scenarios where ASKE can effectively support legal text analysis and downstream legal information processing.

Evaluating knowledge-based approaches for legal text analysis: A benchmark study / A. Abdul Khaliq, D. Riva, S. Montanelli. - In: COMPUTER LAW & SECURITY REVIEW. - ISSN 2212-473X. - 61:(2026 Jul), pp. 106279.1-106279.12. [10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106279]

Evaluating knowledge-based approaches for legal text analysis: A benchmark study

A. Abdul Khaliq
Primo
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
;
S. Montanelli
Ultimo
Writing – Review & Editing
2026

Abstract

Recent advances in transformer-based architectures and large-scale benchmarks have significantly improved Natural Language Processing performance. However, domain-specific areas such as law pose unique challenges due to specialized terminology, complex semantics, and limited annotated data. In this paper, we benchmark ASKE, a knowledge extraction approach designed to capture latent semantic structures in legal texts, against state-of-the-art legal-domain models using the LexGLUE datasets. We analyze its performance across diverse legal tasks through pseudo-precision and pseudo-recall metrics, highlighting its strengths, limitations, and adaptability. Based on the experimental results, we discuss potential application scenarios where ASKE can effectively support legal text analysis and downstream legal information processing.
Legal NLP; Knowledge extraction; Legal benchmarking
Settore IINF-05/A - Sistemi di elaborazione delle informazioni
lug-2026
26-feb-2026
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271884/1-s2.0-S2212473X26X20016/1-s2.0-S2212473X26000209/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=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&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260324T124123Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVLIL6GJ7/20260324/us-east-1/s3/aws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=81fc62152f68ea4f9fb12c867eee977c4864a8d481e473ea9232b07297e107d7&hash=b9686b3f045499b44485db3a450028a4386f3fbc9e51ea3ec35318a3c0c3ad7f&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2212473X26000209&tid=spdf-7345539e-5625-4c69-8ebc-6d2c84958245&sid=a0d6c5c73475d6419f1bbef121e76bd56312gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=11005e075657030106&rr=9e15bff29cbf4435&cc=se
Article (author)
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
Evaluating knowledge based approaches for legal text analysis A benchmark.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia: Publisher's version/PDF
Licenza: Creative commons
Dimensione 2.53 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
2.53 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Pubblicazioni consigliate

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1230675
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus 0
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 0
  • OpenAlex ND
social impact