Cross-Generational Validation of a Feedforward Neural Network for Milk Yield Prediction in Dairy Cattle

Advancements in precision livestock farming and machine learning have expanded the use of data-driven approaches for milk yield forecasting. In this study, a previously developed feedforward neural network (FFNN) model using genomic breeding values, parity, days in milk, month of calving, and age at calving as predictors was validated across one generation of Holstein cows. Specifically, the model was evaluated in first-parity daughters of the animals included in the original training population. Predictive performance was assessed on 228 lactation curves comprising 67,010 daily observations using a train–cross-validation– held-out test framework. On the test set, the model achieved a daily root mean squared error (RMSE) of 5.98 kg/day, with a Pearson correlation of 0.64. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by systematically shifting calving month and age (±1 to ±4 months) while holding other predictors constant. Simulated scenarios suggested increased predicted milk yield with later calving ages; however, these results reflect the structure of the training data rather than prescriptive management recommendations. While the FFNN provides robust milk yield predictions, its practical application for calving strategy decisions should be integrated with economic and reproductive considerations. Overall, the findings support the generational robustness of FFNN-based milk yield forecasting within the studied herd.