Antimicrobial Resistance: How Can We Overcome the Problem?

Antimicrobials are common drugs used to treat and prevent infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Since their discovery in the mid-20th century, their use has dramati- cally increased for the benefit of humanity, and also for animal care. However, antimicrobial resistance soon appeared, which, according to the WHO, will limit or impede their use at the horizon of 2050. Indeed, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a natural phenomenon in bacteria increased dramatically over the last 3 decades mainly due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, animals, and plants. Apart from affecting human health, drug-resistant diseases also adversely affect plant and animal health, reduce agricultural productivity, and threaten food security. AMR affects all countries, regardless of economic status, and imposes high costs on health systems and national economies. Therefore, an- timicrobial resistance should be studied and analyzed under the One Health paradigm. In mind of the One Health paradigm, to reduce and overcome AMR, we must take at least 3 complementary and integrated actions: (i) monitoring the resistome; (ii) developing protec- tive strategies against antibiotic resistance; (iii) taking curative actions by designing new and original treatments. Moreover, the three actions must be conducted simultaneously due to the continuous adaptation of bacteria.